城市生活垃圾热解/燃烧特性的实验研究

对城市生活垃圾中的6种典型单一组分及两两混合组分进行热重特性试验,先通氮气进行热解反应,当温度达到550℃时,再通氧气模拟空气进行燃烧反应。将热解和燃烧反应特性在同一曲线图中表现出来,分阶段求取反应动力学函数方程及动力学参数活化能、频率因子,进而为建立热解/燃烧综合模型提供基础依据;验证了混合物质的热解/燃烧特性可以用单组分物质的热解-燃烧特性的叠加来表示,除某些混合试样的组分之间会表现出一些相互影响,但这种影响并不强。

黄斑污染物对卷烟纸热解燃烧特性及反应动力学的影响

采用热重分析技术研究黄斑污染物对卷烟纸热解和燃烧特性的影响,利用Coats-Redfern法对比不同污染物侵染卷烟纸热解和燃烧主要质量损失阶段的动力学差异,并基于热重数据的主成分分析,探索区分不同污染物的可行性。结果表明,不同污染物在卷烟纸纤维表面的附着形态不同,各卷烟纸的热解和燃烧过程均可分为4个主要质量损失阶段。其中在热解质量损失过程中,润滑脂类污染物可提高纤维素分解阶段的终止温度和质量损失率,并降低木质素分解及焦炭形成阶段的质量损失率;在燃烧质量损失过程中,润滑脂类污染物显著降低了卷烟纸的引燃温度和燃尽温度,润滑脂类和香精糖料污染物对综合燃烧特性指数的影响趋势相反;热分解动力学显示,不同污染物均会降低热分解反应活化能,尤其是润滑脂类改变了卷烟纸热分解过程的反应机理函数,并显著降低了反应活化能;基于热解和燃烧质量损失数据的主成分分析显示,润滑脂类和香精糖料侵染的卷烟纸能够与原始卷烟纸有效区分。

基于傅里叶红外光谱的高温煤焦表面化学结构特性分析

采用热力工况与实际煤粉炉相近的沉降炉,获取了不同环境气氛下的煤焦试样,采用傅里叶变化红外(Fourier-transform infrared,FTIR)光谱仪测定固体颗粒试样的表面微化学结构及官能团,通过FTIR谱图的分峰拟合处理,对焦样表面化学结构变化特征进行半定量分析。实验结果显示,热解及燃烧过程中所有的C—H、C—O类官能团基本均会随着挥发分一起析出,特别是含O及脂肪类结构基本消失,所属波段的吸收峰的强度均不同程度的有所减弱。无论热解还是燃烧过程,与芳氢相比煤焦中的脂肪类氢、碳基团更容易分解而析出,表现为试样中芳碳相对含量增加,焦样表观的芳香度(fa)升高。在高浓度的CO2气氛下,由于CO2对煤焦颗粒的气化效应,颗粒的实际温度较N2气氛时降低,使得煤焦中有机物的分解及析出过程有所延缓,表现为CO2气氛下颗粒的芳氢与脂氢比(Har/Hal)以及芳香度(fa)稍低于N2气氛时的情况。研究推断热解气氛及温度是影响有机组分分解及煤焦活性的关键因素。

Combustion Synthesis of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 and Its Effect on HMX Thermal Decomposition

Perovskite-type La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 was prepared by stearic acid gel combustion method.The obtained powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scaning electron micrograph(SEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)techniques.The catalytic activity of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 was investigated on thermal decomposition of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)by thermal gravity-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC)techniques.The experimental results show that La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 is an effective catalyst for HMX thermal decomposition.The surface-adsorbed species such as H2O,OH - and adsorbed oxygen(Oad)could result in an advance in the onset temperature of HMX thermal decomposition.The mixture system of Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ ions and lattice oxygen could play key roles for the increase of the decomposition heat of HMX because these exothermic reactions could be catalyzed by La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 between CO and NOx(from the thermal decomposition of HMX)and the oxidation reaction of CO.According to the previous researches and our results,perovskite-type La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 may be used as a novel catalyst or modifier for nitrate ester plasticized polyether(NEPE)propellant.

Combustion characteristics of semicokes derived from pyrolysis of low rank bituminous coal

Various semicokes were obtained from medium-low temperature pyrolysis of Dongrong long flame coal.The proximate analysis,calorific value and Hardgrove grindability index(HGI) of semicokes were determined,and the ignition temperature,burnout temperature,ignition index,burnout index,burnout ratio,combustion characteristic index of semicokes were measured and analyzed using thermogravimetry analysis(TGA).The effects of pyrolysis temperature,heating rate,and pyrolysis time on yield,composition and calorific value of long flame coal derived semicokes were investigated,especially the influence of pyrolysis temperature on combustion characteristics and grindability of the semicokes was studied combined with X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis of semicokes.The results show that the volatile content,ash content and calorific value of semicokes pyrolyzed at all process parameters studied meet the technical specifications of the pulverized coal-fired furnaces(PCFF) referring to China Standards GB/T 7562-1998.The pyrolysis temperature is the most influential factor among pyrolysis process parameters.As pyrolysis temperature increases,the yield,ignition index,combustion reactivity and burnout index of semicokes show a decreasing tend,but the ash content increases.In the range of 400 and 450 °C,the grindability of semicokes is rational,especially the grindability of semicokes pyrolyzed at 450 °C is suitable.Except for the decrease of volatile content and increase of ash content,the decrease of combustion performance of semicokes pyrolyzed at higher temperature should be attributed to the improvement of the degree of structural ordering and the increase of aromaticity and average crystallite size of char.It is concluded that the semicokes pyrolyzed at the temperature of 450 °C is the proper fuel for PCFF.

Analytical Model for Predicting the Heat Loss Effect on the Pyrolysis of Biomass Particles

This paper presents the combined influence of heat-loss and radiation on the pyrolysis of biomass particles by considering the structure of one-dimensional, laminar and steady state flame propagation in uniformly premixed wood particles. The assumed flame structure consists of a broad preheat-vaporization zone where the rate of gas-phase chemical reaction is small, a thin reaction zone composed of three regions: gas, tar and char combustion where convection and the vaporization rate of the fuel particles are small, and a broad convection zone. The analysis is performed in the asymptotic limit, where the value of the characteristic Zeldovich number is large and the equivalence ratio is larger than unity(i.e.u≥1). The principal attention is made on the determination of a non-linear burning velocity correlation. Consequently, the impacts of radiation, heat loss and particle size as the determining factors on the flame temperature and burning velocity of biomass particles are declared in this research.

Analytical investigation of temperature of a single micron sized iron particle during combustion

The present study deals with analytical investigation of temperature of a single burning iron particle.Three mathematical methods including AGM(Akbari-Ganji’s method),CM(Collocation method)and GM(Galerkin Method)are applied to solving non-linear differential governing equation and effectiveness of these methods is examined as well.For further investigation,forth order Runge-Kutta approach,a numerical method,is used to validate the obtained analytical results.In the present study,the developed mathematical model takes into account the effects of thermal radiation,convective heat transfer and particle density variations during combustion process.Due to particles’small size and high thermal conductivity,the system is assumed to be lumped in which the particle temperature does not change within the body and all of its regions are at the same temperature.The temperature distributions obtained by analytical methods have satisfactory agreement with numerical outputs.Finally,the results indicate that AGM is a more appropriate method than GM and CM due to its lower mean relative error and less run time.

Practical Paths towards Lowering Black Carbon Emissions

Black carbon （BC） aerosol, accounting for a minor fraction of atmospheric aerosols, is attracting increased attentio1 due to its impact on air quality, human health, and climate change. Focusing on BC emission reduction, this paper give1 a brief introduction to the sources and global distribution of BC. Along with the decrease of BC emissions from sue1 actions as the reduction of global greenhouse gases （GHGs） and regulating local air quality, it also highlights othet BC reduction approaches such as control and improvement of combustion conditions, the elimination of open biomas burning, and the sequestration of BC by biomass pyrolysis. Finally, it is stressed that at this moment there is no enougt reason to push BC reduction into any climate change related negotiations, although BC has been included in some o so-called win-win reduction targets for the quick response to both climate and non-climate appeals.

Experimental Studies on Combustion Characteristics of Mixed Municipal Solid Waste

In our country, municipal solid wastes (MSW) are always burnt in their original forms and only a few pretreatments are taken. Therefore it is vital to study the combustion characteristics of mixed waste. In this paper, thermogravimetric analysis and a lab scale fluidized bed facility were used as experimental means. The data in two different experimental systems were introduced and compared. It took MSW 3-3.5 min to burn out in FB, but in thermogravimetric analyzer, the time is 20-25 min. It can be concluded that, in general, the behavior of a mixture of waste in TGA can be expressed by simple combination of individual components of the waste mixtures. Only minor deviations from the rule were observed. Yet, in Fluidized Bed, it was found that, for some mixtures, there was interference among the components during fluidized bed combustion.