非能动安全壳热量导出系统热交换器不同安装方案的换热性能研究

为探究不同非能动安全壳热量导出系统热交换器安装方案对“华龙一号”安全壳热工特性的影响,本文通过MAAP等分析程序分析了事故后安全壳内不同高度上的气体和温度分布,并通过大比例安全壳模拟体开展了典型事故后安全壳热工水力试验研究,为理论研究提供了验证。结果表明:3个位置的换热器都能满足设计需求,但较低位置的热交换器具有更好的换热性能。本文可为未来不同非能动安全壳热量导出系统热交换器布置方案的工程实际应用提供设计依据。

小方坯结晶器铜管的设计与制造

在连铸生产中结晶器是一个极其关键的部件，有人说它是连铸的“心脏”，也有人说它是连铸机的“机头”．可见它的重要性不言而喻了。的确．结晶器是连铸过程中的一个高效率的热量交换器．也是钢水在凝固过程中的模子，是它把钢水的热量通过流水带走．在结晶器内部形成坯壳，它还能净化钢水中的夹杂物．因此连铸结晶器在连铸过程中有无法替代的作用．是最为核心的部件。结晶器的质量决定着连铸的拉坯速度、钢坯的质量，在结晶器这个“核心”部件中有一个更为“核心”的零件．那就是——结晶器铜管。它才是真正的连铸机上的“心脏”中的“心脏”。

可提高运动员成绩的冷却装置

美国科学家最近研制出一种类似手套的装置,这种装置可使运动员体内过热的血液冷却下来,从而使他们的运动成绩提高1/5. 人体通常是把血液压到皮肤表面,然后把热量散发到空气中以实现降温的.但这样一来,给肌肉输送的血液就减少了,缺氧,肌肉的力量就会减弱.

Experimental Research on Flow Maldistribution in Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers

The flow maldistribution and the effect of different inlet configuration on the flow distribution in platefin heat exchangers were studied experimentally. It is found that the flow maldistribution is serious because of the defects of inlet configurations, while the inlet configuration and Reynolds number are the main factors affecting the flow distribution. The improved inlet configurations, which are the header with a two-stage distributing configuration and the guide vane with a fluid complementary cavity were proposed and tested in this paper. The experimental results show that the improved inlet configurations can effectively improve the performance of flow distribution in heat exchangers.

Synthesis of Flexible Heat Exchanger Networks with Stream Splits Based on Rangers of Stream Supply Temperatures and Heat Capacity Flowrates

A new superstructure model of heat exchanger networks (HEN) with streamsplits based on rangers of streams supply temperatures and heat capacity flow rates is presented.The simultaneous optimal mathematical model of flexible HEN synthesis is established too. Firstly,the streams with rangers of supply temperatures and/or the streams with the rangers of heat capacityflow rates are pretreated; Secondly, several rules are proposed to establish the superstructuremodel of HEN with splits and the simultaneous optimal mathematical model of flexible HEN; Thirdly,the improving genetic algorithm is applied to solve the mathematical model established at the secondstep effectively, and the original optimal structure of HEN based on the maximum operation limitingcondition can be obtained easily; Finally, the rules of heat exchange unit merged and the heat loadof heat exchanger relaxed are presented, the flexible configuration of HEN satisfied the operationcondition between the upper and down bounds of supply temperature and heat capacity flow rates canbe obtained based on the original optimal structure of HEN by means of these rules. A case studydemonstrates the method presented in this paper is effective

A Numerical Model of a U-Tube Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger Used as an Evaporator

The paper presents a general distributed model of a vertical U-tube direct expansion heat exchanger coupled with the ground. This model is developed for studying the dynamic thermal behavior of a buried heat exchanger which is an integral part of a so-called direct expansion heat pump. The transient conservative equations of mass, momentum and energy considering single and two-phase flow of refrigerant are derived and presented. The diffusive heat exchange with the ground is treated using an analytical approach to treat short-time scale response of vertical boreholes based on an imposed temperature. The thermal interference between the two pipes of the heat exchanger is also considered. The mathematical equations of the model are numerically presented using a control volume formulation and the solution of the system of equations is obtained by successive iterations. The dynamic behavior of the evaporator is simulated and the numerical results are analyzed regarding spatial parameters distribution and thermal interference influence.

Thermal Response Test for Kelix GHE System

The performance of a BTES （borehole thermal energy storage） system is primarily governed by ground heat flux, soil thermal properties and groundwater conditions. However, the design of the heat exchanger used within the BTES system can also make a significant difference in the efficiency of the system. A thermal response test was carded out for a Kelix GHE （ground heat exchanger） system, the latest innovation in geothermal ground loop construction, on an Ecofarm in the town of Caledon East, Ontario, Canada. In addition, a verifying test was performed for a CEES （conventional earth energy system） located 6 m away from the Kelix GHE. The boreholes for these two different heat exchanger designs were drilled with the same diameter, to the same depth and were located in the same/identical geo-hydrological conditions. The response test provided the effective average of undisturbed ground temperature, geothermal properties including thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal resistance between the fluid and the borehole wall. The mathematical analysis method used for the response test is presented here. Results of the response test were verified, analyzed and are further discussed.

Constructal optimization for H-shaped multi-scale heat exchanger based on entransy theory

Analogizing with the definition of thermal efficiency of a heat exchanger,the entransy dissipation efficiency of a heat exchanger is defined as the ratio of dimensionless entransy dissipation rate to dimensionless pumping power of the heat exchanger.For the constraints of the total tube volume and total tube surface area of the heat exchanger,the constructal optimization of an H-shaped multi-scale heat exchanger is carried out by taking entransy dissipation efficiency maximization as optimization objective,and the optimal construct of the H-shaped multi-scale heat exchanger with maximum entransy dissipation efficiency is obtained.The results show that for the specified total tube volume of the heat exchanger,the optimal constructs of the first order T-shaped heat exchanger based on the maximizations of the thermal efficiency and entransy dissipation efficiency are obviously different with the lower mass flow rates of the cold and hot fluids.For the H-shaped multi-scale heat exchanger,the entransy dissipation efficiency decreases with the increase in mass flow rate when the heat exchanger order is fixed;for the specified dimensionless mass flow rate M(M<32.9),the entransy dissipation efficiency decreases with the increase in the heat exchanger order.The performance of the multi-scale heat exchanger is obviously improved compared with that of the single-scale heat exchanger.Moreover,the heat exchanger subjected to the total tube surface area constraint is also discussed in the paper.The optimization results obtained in this paper can provide a great compromise between the heat transfer and flow performances of the heat exchanger,provide some guidelines for the optimal designs of heat exchangers,and also enrich the connotation of entransy theory.

A New Method for Analyzing Heat Exchangers- Matching of Temperature Field

In heat exchangers, the magnitude of Nu of each duct is influenced by the temperature field, since the ratio of heat capacity rate will influence the matching status of the temperature field between contacting ducts, the total heat transfer coefficient is related with the ratio of heat capacity rate. Considering this relationship, a new method for analyzing heat exchanger is proposed - matching of temperature field. First, for a single duct with the temperature field varying exponentially along the flow direction, its Nu is calculated. Then under the hypothesis that the thermal resistance of the wall is negligible, the matching condition was set like this: both the temperature and heat flux are equal for the hot and cold fluids at the wall, so the matching relationship of parameter that describes the temperature field of the hot and cold fluids, was obtained. Finally the relationship between the total Nu and the ratio of heat capacity rate along with the ratio of inherent thermal resistance is obtained. Compared with traditional analyzing methods, the temperature matching method can be used to get the total heat transfer coefficient directly, and also be used for optimization of heat exchanger design. For a parallel flow, the optimal ratio of heat capacity rate is reciprocal to the ratio of inherent thermal resistance, and for a counter flow, the optimal ratio of heat capacity rate is zero or infinity.