新型连铸结晶器冷却结构的铜板热-力学行为

建立板坯连铸结晶器三维热力耦合有限元模型,通过比较结晶器铜板宽面弯月面处横截面的温度、热应力及变形分布,考察结晶器新型冷却结构对铜板热-力学行为的影响规律。结果表明:在弯月面处宽面热面,新型铜板的最高温度较传统铜板的低60℃,最大热应力小85 MPa,且新型铜板与传统铜板最大变形分别为0.21 mm和0.29 mm;新型铜板和传统铜板弯月面处宽面热面温度、热应力和法向变形波动幅度分别为12℃和67℃,33MPa和113 MPa以及0.02 mm和0.09 mm。因此,新型结构铜板温度、热应力和变形量分布均匀性和合理性比传统的有明显改善,更适合裂纹敏感性钢种的浇铸。

碳纤维增强形状记忆聚合物复合材料的热-力学行为建模与影响因素

采用变形梯度分解的方法,基于热力学内变量理论,构建了适用于描述碳纤维增强形状记忆聚合物(CF/SMP)复合材料热-力学行为的热黏弹性本构模型。模型中考虑了材料的结构松弛效应和应力松弛效应,且适用于有限变形条件。依据该模型研究了一种CF/SMP薄板在受到单向均布载荷作用且处于平面应力状态时的碳纤维有效应变影响因素。理论上证实了虽然碳纤维的容许应变很小,但合理取向的纤维分布形式能使其应用于有限变形条件下而不被破坏。此外,分析了该CF/SMP形状记忆热-力学循环过程中形状记忆效应(SME)的影响因素。结果表明,碳纤维含量的增大和纤维倾斜角的减小会导致CF/SMP刚度增大,从而降低其形状固定率。此外,碳纤维体积含量和温度变化率对升温回复阶段也存在一定影响。上述研究方法和结果能对单向连续CF/SMP的设计与应用提供一定理论指导。

SiC复合包壳热-力学行为计算理论分析

针对SiC复合包壳特有的高强度、高弹性模量和脆性特征及其结构上的完整性和连续性,采用弹塑性理论和固体传热理论分析了SiC复合包壳热-力学行为计算理论及其求解方法。通过分析三维有限元计算节点的连续性,采用三维有限元软件完成了SiC复合包壳热-力学行为的模拟计算,并与国外公开文献报道进行对比。结果表明,有限元计算方法适用于SiC复合包壳热-力学行为的模拟分析;弹塑性理论和固体传热理论分析表明SiC复合包壳温度场和应力场可解;三维有限元计算结果与文献结果符合较好,证明了计算结果的准确性。

多物理场耦合下FCM堆内行为研究

为研究全陶瓷包覆弥散燃料(FCM)堆内行为,评价FCM芯块的安全性能,优化FCM芯块结构设计,本文采用二维特征模型模拟FCM芯块的热-力学行为,通过计算不同位置TRISO颗粒的内压,作为输入条件,模拟缓冲层的变形将核芯和缓冲层去除,解决了多颗粒映射的难题。通过调整FCM结构参数,计算了不同结构对FCM芯块性能的影响,实现了FCM芯块的结构优化。研究结果表明,在压水堆环境下,FCM芯块中基体最高温度随运行时间迅速增大,在100天左右时温度达到稳定最高温度约为1390K,低于SiC分解温度。SiC基体的环向应力较高,最高可达1200 MPa,远高于SiC的断裂强度,因此基体在运行过程中开概率率较大。TRISO颗粒中SiC层的环向应力较小,最大应力约为180 MPa,具有较低的失效概率(9×10^(-5)),保证了SiC层的结构完整性。此外,当无燃料区尺寸为400μm时,SiC层的失效概率约为2.0×10^(-5),保证了SiC层的完整性。因此,本研究建立的FCM芯块分析方法,为FCM芯块的工程应用和结构优化奠定了基础。

电子封装件在热-机械载荷作用下力学行为表征的实验方法综述

电子封装件在热-机械载荷作用下力学行为(尤其是热应力)的表征对于其机械可靠性的评价,失效分析和封装工艺的改进具有重要的意义.本文对目前该领域内主要的实验方法进行了简要的介绍,每项主要实验技术的优缺点、适用范围及其最新的发展及应用等都做了必要的阐述.这些实验技术与有限元方法的结合(杂交法)是探索电子封装件机械可靠性的最有效的方法并且代表着改领域的发展方向.

非饱和土的热-水力-力学本构模型及数值模拟

在CAP模型的基础上提出了一个非饱和土的热 -水力 -力学本构模型 ,着重考虑了温度对于非饱和土的水力 -力学性质的影响。基于实验结果和前人的工作 ,在模型中重现了热软化现象 ,计及了温度升高导致土壤前固结压力的降低和非饱和土吸力增加屈服线 (SI)中临界吸力值的降低。应用该模型进行了数值模拟计算 ,通过模拟结果和实验结果的比较 ,验证了模型的适用性和可靠性。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical property of Ti-steel explosive-rolling clad plate

The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti-steel explosive-rolling clad plate was elaborated by optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, micro-hardness test and shear test. The composites were subjected to heat treatment at temperature of 650-950 ~C for 60 min. The results show that the heat treatment process results in a great enhancement of diffusion and microstructural transformation. The shear strength decreases as the treatment temperature increases. Heated at 850 ℃ or below, their shear strength decreases slowly as a result of the formation of TiC in the diffusion interaction layer; while at the temperature of 850 ℃ or above, the shear strength decreases obviously, which is the consequence of a large amount of Ti-Fe intermetaUics （Fe2Ti/FeTi） along with some TiC distributing continuously at diffusion reaction layer.

pH-dependent leaching mechanism of carbonatitic chalcopyrite in ferric sulfate solution

The dissolution of a carbonatitic chalcopyrite(CuFeS2)was studied in H_(2)SO_(4)−Fe_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)−FeSO_(4)−H_(2)O at varying pH values(0.5−2.5)and 25℃ for 12 h.Experiments were conducted with a size fraction of 53−75μm.Low Cu recoveries,below 15%,were observed in all pH regimes.The results from the XRD,SEM−EDS,and optical microscopic(OM)analyses of the residues indicated that the dissolution proceeded through the formation of transient phases.Cu_(3.39)Fe_(0.61)S_(4) and Cu_(2)S were the intermediate phases at pH 0.5 and 1.0,respectively,whereas Cu_(5)FeS_(4) was the major mineral at pH 1.5 and 1.8.The thermodynamic modelling predicted the sequential formation of CuFeS_(2)→Cu_(5)FeS_(4)→Cu_(2)S→CuS.The soluble intermediates were Cu_(5)FeS_(4) and Cu2S,whilst,CuS and Cu_(3.39)Fe_(0.61)S_(4) were the refractory phases,supporting their cumulating behaviour throughout the dissolution.The obtained results suggest that the formation of CuS and Cu_(3.39)Fe_(0.61)S_(4) could contribute to the passive film formed during CuFeS_(2) leaching.

Area Method Analysis and Thermodynamic Behavior of Nonmetallic Micro-Inclusions in Casting Slab of GCr15 Bearing Steel

The distribution and characteristics of nonmetallic micro-inclusions of GCr15 bearing steel were explored through metallographic area method in virtue of tracer method and electronic microscope.The results show that the micro-inclusions,of which the average value is 0.032%,are mainly the compounds formed via the adsorption/aggregation of multielement deoxidized compounds and secondarily deoxidized products on tundish liquid level.The micro-inclusions of diameters from 0 to 5 μm are 92.5% in total,which basically determines the characteristics of inclusions distribution in casting slab.The inclusions of diameters more than 10 μm only account for less than 1% in total,which have little influence on steel quality.The relationship between equilibrium compositions of the first deoxidation products and molten steel compositions was also calculated based on thermodynamic theory.

2024 aluminum alloy ultrahigh-strength sheet due to two-level nanostructuring under cryorolling and heat treatment

The effect of rolling to a total effective strain of 2 at the liquid nitrogen temperature and subsequent natural and artificial aging on the structure and service properties of the pre-quenched hot-pressed 2024 aluminum alloy was investigated.Using optical and electron microscopy,and X-ray analysis,it was found that the cryorolling did not qualitatively change the type of the initial coarse-fibered microstructure,but produced a well-developed nanocell substructure inside fibers.Further aging led to decomposition of the preliminary supersaturated and work-hardened aluminum solid solution and precipitation of strengthening phases in the statically recovered and/or recrystallized matrix.As a result,the rolled and naturally aged alloy demonstrated the yield and ultimate tensile strengths(YS=590 MPa,UTS=640 MPа)much higher than those in the pressed andТ6-heat treated alloy at equal elongation to failure(El^6%).Artificial aging at a temperature less than conventional T6 route could provide the extra alloy strengthening and the unique balance of mechanical properties,involving enhanced strength(YS=610 MPa,UTS=665 MPа)and ductility(El^10%),and good static crack resistance(the specific works for crack formation and growth were 42 and 18 k J/m^2,respectively)and corrosion resistance(the intensity and depth of intercrystalline corrosion were 23%and 50μm,respectively).

Thermodynamic behaviors of Cu in interaction with chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus and minerals during sewage sludge co-incineration

Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to reveal effects of interactions among Cl, S, P and other minerals on Cu migration. Our results showed that HCl（g）, SO2（g） and （P2O5）2（g） were released from the sewage sludge co-incineration. Cl was found to weaken adsorption of Cu by Al2O3, CaO and Fe2O3, while S de- layed reactions of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 with Cu, with P having no effect on reactions between the minerals and Cu. Among the coupled systems ofCl, S and P, the co-existences of Cl and S, and Cl, S and P were determined to inhibit Cu volatilization, and the co-existence of Cl and P had an enhancing effect Cu migration was affected only by S in the S and P system. With the SiO2, CaO and Al2O3 system, both Cl alone and Cl and P led to failed reactions be- tween the minerals and Cu. In the systems of S, S and Cl, S and P, and S, Cl and P, the migration behavior of Cu was mainly affected by S at low temperatures and by Cl at high temperatures, whereas P had no effect on Cu mi- gration during the entire nrocess.

Effect of different additives on the phase separation behavior and thermodynamics of p-tert-alkylphenoxy poly (oxyethylene) ether in absence and presence of drug

Cloud point （CP） determinations of 4-（1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl）phenyl-polyethylene glycol （TX-100 （nonionic surfactant）） was carried out in aqueous as well as in the attendance of drug （ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate （CFT））/（CFT ＋ different inorganic salts） and discussed thoroughly. Nonionic surfactants are employed exten- sively in different formulations. In aqueous solution, the values of CP of TX-100 are obtained to increase by means of enhancing of their concentration in the solution. The CP values of TX-100 solutions were found to de- crease in the presence of drug and their values decrease more with rising concentrations of the drug. The values of CP of CFT and TX-100 mixtures were found to further decrease in the attendance of inorganic salts in compar- ison to their absence. The effect of different sodium salts in decreasing CP values of TX-100 was achieved in the following order： NaCO3 〉 Na2SO4 〉 NaCl. However, in the case of potassium and ammonium salts, the decreasing order obtained is K2SO4 〉 KCO3 〉 KCI and （NH4）2SO4 〉 Na2CO3 〉 NH4Cl respectively. Various thermodynamic pa- rameters for example standard free energy （△G c）, standard enthalpy （△H c） as well as standard entropy （△S c） changes of phase separation were also evaluated and discussed in detail on the basis of their behavior.

Physical and dynamic mechanical behaviors of marble after heat treatment in quasi-vacuum and air-filled environments

The dynamic mechanical properties of rock specimens after thermal treatment in the air-filled environment(AE:i.e.,at the free surface)have been extensively investigated,yet they are rarely estimated in the quasi-vacuum environment(VE:i.e.,far from free surface),which is of special importance in engineering practice.Several precise laboratory tests(i.e.,split Hopkinson pressure bar test)on marble samples in both AE and VE were performed to investigate physical and dynamic mechanical behaviors of marble after heat treatment(25℃ to 900℃)in AE and VE.The tests results demonstrate that related properties of marble could be divided into three different stages by corresponding critical temperatures of 300℃ and 600℃,at which heat damage factors are 0.29(0.30)and 0.88(0.92)in VE(AE),respectively.The thermal damage developes more fully in AE than in VE.The thermal environment plays an important role,especially in Stage 3.Specifically,a conspicuous difference(greater than 20%)between AE and VE occurs in corresponding dynamic strength and the anti-deformation capacities of tested marble specimen.The influence of heat damage of rock is very important and valuable in engineering practice,particularly when the temperature is very high(greater than 600℃).

Glass formation for iron-based alloys by combining kinetic and thermodynamic parameters

The glass formation was intensively studied for Fe-based alloys. Parameters defining kinetics and thermodynamic behavior of crystallization were calculated using calorimetric measurements and physical properties of constituent elements. It is found that the critical cooling rate Rc estimated by combining kinetic and thermodynamic parameters highly correlates with measured Rc found in literatures with correlation coefficient R2=0.944, and alloy compositions with high melting enthalpy AHm can easily form glass even without high undercooling and high value of the ,β-parameter of Tumbull＇s theory, revealing that the glass formation in this group of alloys is mostly controlled by growth limitation. This combination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters can be used to determine alloy composition with good glass forming ability in Fe-based alloys just using physical properties of alloying elements and calorimetric measurements.

中空六棱柱燃料元件热-力学性能研究

中空六棱柱燃料元件在高温气冷堆方面有广泛应用,为研究中空六棱柱燃料元件的堆内性能,评价其失效概率,针对高温气冷堆用中空六棱柱燃料元件进行了热-力学行为分析,采用多物理场耦合的方法计算了中空六棱柱燃料元件的热-力学行为,分析了中空六棱柱燃料元件在较低中子注量条件下的温度场、变形、应力分布以及失效概率。结果表明,中空六棱柱燃料元件的最高运行温度约为1020 K,SiC基体的最大应力约为107.32 MPa、失效概率为3.52×10^(−4),SiC基体较低的失效概率保证了燃料元件的结构完整性。在较低中子注量下,中空六棱柱燃料元件的运行温度和应力均较低并且可以保证结构完整,具有良好的堆内运行状态。

Comparative Study on the Pyrolysis Behaviors of Corn Stalk and Pine Sawdust Using TG-MS

The pyrolysis behaviors of corn stalk(CS) and pine sawdust(PS) were investigated with thermogravimetry-mass spectroscopy(TG-MS).The peak temperature of PS was higher and the main decomposition region shifted to higher temperature compared with CS,which implied that the hemicellulose and cellulose of PS were more thermally stable than those of CS.However,the hemicellulose and cellulose of PS were more easily decomposed into gaseous products than those of CS during pyrolysis.The pyrolysis process of biomass can be described by a two-step independent first-order kinetic model.This fundamental study provides a basic insight into the biomass pyrolysis,which is beneficial for understanding the pyrolysis mechanism of biomass and developing an advanced thermal process for effective utilization of biomass.

Thermal Cyclic Effects of Metal Matrix Composites

Aim To simulate the thermal cyclic effects of metal matrix compeithe. Methods Based on Eshelby′s inclusion theory, a constitutive model for metal matrix composites and an elastic constraint method were formulated to predict the cyclic isothermal and cyclic thermomechanical behaviors of metal matrix composites. Results and Conclusion A SiC reinforced A1 2xxx-T4 composite was studied theoretically with the model. With the constitutive relation of the matrix, the mechanical behaviors of the composite under different loading condition, such as different loading rates, mechanical and thermal mechanical cyclic loading, can be quantitatively predicted. The thermal ratchetting effect of the composite can be predicted by the model.

Crystallization Thermodynamic and Kinetic Behaviors of Vitamin C in Batch Crystallizer

The bench-scale cooling crystallization for ternary solution of L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) was studied.The solid-liquid phase diagram of Vitamin C-water-ethanol system was obtained on the basis of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curves. The heat of crystallization of Vitamin C was calculated with the aid of quantitative analysis. According to the population balance equation under unsteady state, the rates of nucleation and growth were determined. The parameters of crystallization kinetics equations were estimated by regression of experimental data. Crystal morphology and size were determined with x-ray diffraction and TA Ⅱ Coulter Counter.

Thermal Decomposition and Kinetics of Mixtures of Polylactic Acid and Biomass during Copyrolysis

Thermal decomposition of polylactic acid （PLA） was studied in the presence of pine wood sawdust （PS）, walnut shell （WS）, corncob （CC） in order to understand the pyrolytic behavior of these components occurring in waste. A thermogravimetric analyzer （TGA） was applied for monitoring the mass loss profiles under heating rate of 10℃·min^-1. Results obtained from this comprehensive investigation indicated that PLA was decomposed in the temperature range 300 -372℃, whereas the thermal degradation temperature of biomass is 183-462℃. The difference of mass loss （AW） between experimental and theoretical ones, calculated as algebraic sums of those from each separated component, is about 17%-46% at 300-400℃. These experimental results indicated a significant synergistic effect during PLA and biomass copyrolysis. Moreover, a kinetic analysis was performed to fit thermogravimetric data, the global processes being considered as one to two consecutive reactions. A reasonable fit to the experimental data was obtained for all materials and their blends.

Equation oriented method for Rectisol wash modeling and analysis

Rectisol process is more efficient in comparison with other physical or chemical absorption methods for gas purification. To implement a real time simulation of Rectisol process, thermodynamic model and simulation strategy are needed. In this paper, a method of modified statistical associated fluid theory with perturbation theory is used to predict thermodynamic behavior of process. As Rectisol process is a highly heat-integrated process with many loops, a method of equation oriented strategy, sequential quadratic programming, is used as the solver and the process converges perfectly. Then analyses are conducted with this simulator.