采用焦分离方法研究共热解时煤与生物质的相互作用及对焦结构和CO2气化反应性的影响

煤与生物质的相互作用已被广泛研究。但是,其相互作用机制通常是基于混合焦样的物理化学结构和反应性而提出。在这项工作中,基于不同形状和粒度将无烟煤与生物质共热解后的混合焦分离,然后通过分析分离后煤焦的结构和反应性来揭示煤与生物质相互作用机制。在热解温度为600和900℃条件下,在固定床反应器中制备了混合有不同比例的秸秆(CS)的无烟煤焦样。采用了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和X射线衍射(XRD)对煤焦的AAEM浓度和微晶结构进行了检测。利用TGA设备分析了分离后的煤焦与CO 2的气化反应性。结果表明,随着掺混比例从0增加到80%,煤焦中活性K和Mg的浓度逐渐增加,并形成更为无序的碳结构。共热解过程中,更多的AAEM种类被混合物中的煤焦通过挥发分-焦相互作用捕获,而不是随生物质挥发分逸出。同时,热解温度的升高引起了K和Na挥发和失活,也导致石墨化度的降低。而且,CS的添加和更低的热解温度均可提高煤焦的气化反应性。此外,在煤焦的碱性指数AI与反应性指数R 0.5之间建立了较好的线性关系(R 2=0.9009),表明在煤与生物质共气化过程中,AAEMs对提高煤焦气化反应活性起主导作用。

7.63m焦炉氨水系统焦油渣预分离新工艺

针对7.63m焦炉焦油渣预分离工艺存在的问题,设计了由焦油渣预分离器与机械化澄清槽相结合的焦油渣预分离新工艺。实践表明,新工艺可降低工艺设备的投入成本,大幅度提升焦油渣预分离及去除的效果,改善操作环境,降低劳动强度。

Effects of Neonatal Tactile Stimulation and Maternal Separation on the Anxiety and the Emotional Memory in Adult Female Rats

We investigated the long-lasting effects of early postnatal tactile stimulation （TS） and maternal separation （MS） on the emotional behaviors of adult female rats. A split-litter design was introduced to remove confusing factors such as maternal disturbance. Pups of the non-tactile stimulation （NTS） group did not receive any handling. Pups subjected to the TS treatment were handled and marked for approximately 30 s daily from postnatal days （PND） 2 - 9 or from PND 10 - 17. Pups subjected to the MS treatment were handled and marked in the same way as the TS pups and then individually placed in a cup with familiar nest bedding for 1 h daily. At the age of 3 months, female rats with different neonatal experiences were employed in the light/dark box test and the one-trial passive avoidance response. Both PND 2 - 9 TS and PND 10 - 17 TS groups exhibited more time spent in the illuminated chamber of the light/dark box, and longer step-through latencies in the passive avoidance response when compared to the NTS group, indicating that early life TS treatment reduced novelty-induced anxious emotion and facilitated the retention of emotional memory in adult female rats. No significant effects were found on any behavioral measures between the MS groups and the TS groups, suggesting that neonatal short-time MS treatment was not intensive enough to alter the emotional behaviors, at least in female rats. Infantile age was not an effective factor for these measures. This result supports the hypothesis that neonatal tactile stimulation and maternal separation lead to different effects on the neural development of postnatal pups.

AUTOFOCUSING OF SYNTHETIC HRR RADAR USING STEPPED FREQUENCY WAVEFORMS

Most operating radar systems don′t have sufficient frequency bandwidth to produce high range resolution(HRR) profile of a target. But we can use stepped frequency waveform in a narrow band coherent radar to obtain the HRR profile of a target. For moving targets which are of great importance in practical radar usage, autofocusing,i.e. phase correction, is a necessary and critical step of the synthetic HRR processing. The purpose of autofocusing is to remove the radial motion effect of the target from radar echoes, and only reserve the stepped frequency effect which is the basis of synthetic HRR capability. We investigate two autofocusing approaches for synthetic HRR radars using stepped frequency waveform in this paper. The first is motion fitting method. This method depends on a certain parametric model, and is computationally expensive. Then we propose the iterative dominant scatterer method. It is robust, non parametric and simple in computation in comparison with the motion fitting method. Experimental results based on data acquired by using a metallised scale model B 52 in a microwave anechoic chamber reveal the validity and effectiveness of the method.

Effect of sodium pyrophosphate on the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from galena

The effect of sodium pyrophosphate （SPH） on the separation of chalcopyrite from galena was examined through flotation, adsorption, electrokinetic studies and infrared spectral analysis. Differential flotation tests indicate that satisfactory separation can be achieved within the pH range from 2.5 to 6 using SPH to depress the galena, but not the chalcopyrite when O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate （IPETC） is used as the collector. The electrophoretic mohilities of both the minerals dramatically become negatively charged following SPH adsorption in the pH range from 2.5 to 12, The infrared spectral analysis suggests that chemical adsorption occurs on galena surface treated by SPH, indicating that a chelate complex has formed. At weakly acidic pH values, the adsorption density of IPETC onto galena is significantly reduced in the presence of SPH. However, the amount of IPETC adsorbed onto chalcopyrite almost remains at the same level. Since the observed adsorption density of IEPTC onto chalcopyrite is quite high compared to galena, the observed flotation results are explained. A possible mechanism for the interaction between the two sulphide minerals and SPH is discussed.

Separation of arenols from a high-temperature coal tar

A high-temperature coal tar collected from Xuzhou Coking Plant, Saint-Gobain Pipelines （Xuzhou） Co., Ltd. was exhaustively extracted with petroleum ether （PE）. The extract was sequentially eluted through silica gel with PE and PE/ethyl acetate （EA） mixed solvents （volume ratio 2：1 ） to afford two eluted frac- tions. The extract and eluted fractions were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In total, 14 arenols were detected, including phenol, cresols, xylenols, fluorenols, phenanthren-3-ol and pyren-l-ol.

A Three-Dimensional Velocity-Map Imaging Setup Designed for Crossed Ion-Molecule Scattering Studies

In this study,we report the design and simulation of an electrostatic ion lens system consisting of 22 round metal plates.The opening of the extractor plate is covered withmetal mesh,which is for shielding the interaction region of the lens system from the high DC voltages applied to all other plates than the repeller and extractor plates.The Simion simulation shows that both velocity-mapping and time focusing can be achieved simultaneously when appropriate voltages are applied to each of the plates.This makes the ion lens system be able to focus large ionic volumes in all three dimensions,which is an essential requirement for crossed ion-molecule scattering studies.A three-dimensional ion velocity measurement system with multi-hit and potential multi-mass capability is built,which consists of a microchannel plate(MCP),a P47 phosphor screen,a CMOS camera,a fast photomultiplier tube(PMT),and a high-speed digitizer.The two velocity components perpendicular to the flight axis are measured by the CMOS camera,and the time-of-flight,from which the velocity component along the flight axis can be deduced,is measured by the PMT.A Labview program is written to combine the two measurements for building the full three-dimensional ion velocity in real time on a frame-by-frame basis.The multi-hit capability comes from the fact that multiple ions from the camera and PMT in the same frame can be correlated with each other based on their various intensities.We demonstrate this by using the photodissociation of CH31 at 304 nm.

Separation of Acearylenes from High-Temperature Coal Tar

High-temperature coal tar was extracted with petroleum ether （PE） under ultrasonic irradiation and the extracts were analyzed with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The acearylene fractions including acenaphthylene, aceanthrylene and cyclopentapyrene were enriched together and named E, which was then transferred to a car- tridge in Isolera-One flash chromatography. Three groups of compounds were eluted out with ethyl acetate/PE mixed solvent （volume ratio 1：9） and named E1, E2 and E3 according to their main components. Acenaphthylene accounted for 78.2% in El, aceanthrylene 71.6% in E2 and cyclopentapyrene 75.9% in E3, respectively. The three groups of acearylenes were purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography with ethanol/cyclohexane mixed solvent （vol- ume ratio 1：4）, and then confirmed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. This method indicates that flash chromatography has a good effect on separating the compounds with a similar structnre after extraction under ultrasonic irradiation.

Preparation and coking properties of coal maceral concentrates

The concentrates with different maceral contents were obtained from Kailuan coking coals with different coal ranks(Ro;ranvarying from 0.88%to 1.73%)by float–sink separation in lab.Then these concentrates were characterized by proximate analysis,ultimate analysis,petrography analysis and coking index determination.The results show that the vitrinite is characterized as nature of lower carbon content,higher hydrogen content,higher volatile matter and stronger caking property compared to inertinite.The relationships between variation rate of volatile matter and maximum volatile matter and coal ranks are identified,and a linear model is developed for fast determination of the maceral contents.Compared to inertinite-rich concentrate,the blending ratio of vitrinite-rich concentrate is increased by 13%,which is considered to be a potential technique based on maceral separation for expanding the coking coal resources.

Suppression of gold nanoparticle agglomeration and its separation via nylon membranes

Use of ultraporous nylon membrane is one of the most widely employed techniques for removal of hard and soft nanoparticles in the semiconductor industry, and the accurate determination of membrane pore size is necessary in order to avoid manufacturing defects caused by contamination. The gold nanoparticle has several benefits for the evaluation of polymeric membranes; however, the nanoparticles agglomerate easily on the nylon membrane and make it difficult to evaluate the membrane precisely. The properties of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol(ADP) ligand in gold nanoparticle solution were systematically investigated, and ADP was utilized for improved evaluation of the nylon membranes. Nylon membrane used in this study was prepared by phase inversion techniques. Ultrathin dense layer on top of the membrane surface and Darcy structures in the microporous membrane support were observed. The gold particle rejection was carried out at various p H values from 4 to14 and higher rejection was observed at p H 4 and 8. The suppression of gold colloid agglomeration using ADP and monodispersity of gold colloids was also analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). van der Waals interaction energy of the particles was reduced in the addition of ADP. The presence of ADP ligand in the gold solutions prevented the agglomeration of gold nanoparticles and reduced the adsorption of the particles on the nylon membrane surface,leading to precise evaluation of membrane pore sizes.

Effects of Relativistic and Ponderomotive Nonlinearities on an Intense Laser Pulse Propagation in a Plasma Channel

The optical guiding of a moderately intense laser pulse in a parabolic preformed plasma channel is analyzed by means of the variational method.Relativistic,ponderomotive and their coupling nonlinearities are included.The conditions for periodic defocusing and focusing,as well as constant spot size propagation are given.It is found that the laser focusing is released by the coupling of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities.