气体隧道型等离子焰流基本特性的研究

本文研究了气体隧道型等离子焰流的基本特性.为了查明沿气体隧道中心轴的压力特性.测量了在没有等离子焰流的条件下气炬涡流发生器中的压力分布.在喷嘴直径为4～8mm的情况下,沿中心轴上气体隧道的压力是很低的(230×133Pa).在这种低压气体隧道中产生的等离子焰流比一般方法产生的焰流更长,并具有良好的特性。它们是上升的伏—安特性;很高的电位梯度,当喷嘴直径为4 mm,电流为400A时.电位梯度为41V/cm;高的热效率;高的能量密度.由于在这种装置中供给喷涂粉末的方法与普通的装置不同,因此能显著地改善喷涂屋的质量。

等离子焰流噴鍍

近年来,随着工业的发展,对于材料的耐热、耐磨和耐腐蚀性能有更高的要求。等离子焰流由于它的高温,高速及气体的不活泼性等特点,在喷镀高熔点金属及化合物以得到耐热、耐磨、耐腐蚀镀层方面就有着更大的应用价值。本文概述等离子焰流喷镀的现状。

焰流效应下混凝土空心薄壁墩火温时变分布

针对火灾场气流与焰域温度空间耦合变化时的结构响应,通过考虑气流流速及焰围空间和结构物高度的相互作用效应,建立了焰流场环境火灾模型。采用时间增量迭代的方法计算了焰流场温度,研究了复合边界控制方程和对流换热与流速之间的相互关系。分析了流场中结构迎流面和侧流面温度分布状态,研究了混凝土空心薄壁墩的环境火灾场景,建立了焰流场结构耦合模型,揭示了焰流效应下混凝土空心薄壁墩三维空间火温时变分布规律。研究结果表明:火延时间为120min,流速为3m·s-1时,近火点温度比其他流速下温度约高100℃,流速对火源温度呈非线性影响状态;500℃以上的高温层在混凝土空心薄壁墩迎火面分布深度仅为7cm,在竖向荷载作用下空心薄壁墩外层迎火面混凝土易产生层剥现象;迎流面温度远高于侧流面温度,背火面温度无变化;稳态低流速场中流速的变化可改变不同温度区域的分布,并扩大迎火面高温区面积。

Numerical Analysis of Explosion Characteristics of Vent Gas From 18650 LiFePO_(4) Batteries With Different States of Charge

The combustion and explosion characteristics of lithium-ion battery vent gas is a key factor in determining the fire hazard of lithium-ion batteries.Investigating the combustion and explosion hazards of lithium-ion batteries vent gas can provide guidance for rescue and protection in explosion accidents in energy storage stations and new energy vehicles,thereby promoting the application and development of lithium-ion batteries.Based on this understanding and combined with previous research on gas production from lithium-ion batteries,this article conducted a study on the combustion and explosion risks of vent gas from thermal runaway of 18650 LFP batteries with different states of charge(SOCs).The explosion limit of mixed gases affected by carbon dioxide inert gas is calculated through the“elimination”method,and the Chemkin-Pro software is used to numerically simulate the laminar flame speed and adiabatic flame temperature of the battery vent gas.And the concentration of free radicals and sensitivity coefficients of major elementary reactions in the system are analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the combustion explosion hazard of battery vent gas.The study found that the 100%SOC battery has the lowest explosion limit of the vent gas.The inhibitory elementary reaction sensitivity coefficient in the reaction system is lower and the concentration of free radicals is higher.Therefore,it has the maximum laminar flame speed and adiabatic flame temperature.The combustion and explosion hazard of battery vent gas increases with the increase of SOC,and the risk of explosion is the greatest and most harmful when SOC reaches 100%.However,the related hazards decrease to varying degrees with overcharging of the battery.This article provides a feasible method for analyzing the combustion mechanism of vent gas from lithium-ion batteries,revealing the impact of SOC on the hazardousness of battery vent gas.It provides references for the safety of storage and transportation of lithium-ion batteries,safety protection of energy storage stations,and the selection of related fire extinguishing agents.

超音速火焰喷涂简化数学模型及其应用

应用燃料燃烧理论、气体动力学和两相流原理,建立了超音速火焰喷涂焰流特性和粒子加速、加热行为的简化模型,并在计算机上进行了数值求解。研究了气、油质量比(空气过剩系数)对燃烧室焰流温度及相关参数的影响。结果表明,随着气、油质量比的增大,燃烧室焰流温度明显降低,因此气、油质量比不宜过大。另外,预热助燃气体是提高燃烧室焰流温度的重要措施。燃烧室焰流压力越快,焰流出枪速度越大,但焰流出枪温度越低。喷涂WC-Co系合金时,合理的燃烧室焰流压力约为0.6MPa。粒子出枪后,粒子速度和温度均先增大后降低,因此存在一个合理的喷涂距离。针对所研究的条件,合理的喷涂距离约为0.1m。

超音速火焰喷涂过程中粒子运动特性的数值模拟

热喷涂涂层质量很大程度上是由颗粒沉积时的状态决定,颗粒不仅受到粒径尺寸的影响,还与飞行过程中焰流特性密切相关。本文以JP8000型超音速火焰喷涂系统(HVOF)喷涂过程为研究对象,采用计算流体动力学方法探究不同氧油质量比下焰流行为和计算域内的燃烧特性;分析不同粒径的颗粒在焰流场内的轨迹特性和速度、温度演变规律,依据数值模拟结果优化工艺参数。计算结果表明:氧油比为3时,HVOF系统内焰流温度最高、速度最快,表明氧油充分燃烧;颗粒注入后可能与枪管壁发生碰撞,且其粒径越大,碰撞发生的临界入射速度越小,碰撞后的粒子会二次穿越焰流中心;颗粒粒径越大,受焰流作用时加热、加速越缓慢,在喷枪内到达的最高温度和最大速度越小。

WC-17Co粉末尺寸对粒子飞行状态与涂层性能的影响分析

目的提高碳化钨涂层的性能。方法运用Fluent软件进行超音速火焰喷涂焰流的仿真模拟,得出喷涂距离-焰流速度、喷涂距离-焰流温度曲线。采用粒子飞行监测仪对三组不同粒度（粒子平均直径分别为21.72、32.92、42.56μm）WC-17Co粉末在超音速火焰喷涂过程中的飞行状态进行监测,并得出喷涂距离-速度、喷涂距离-温度曲线,揭示喷涂过程中焰流速度、温度对粒子速度和温度的影响。通过扫描电镜观察分析不同粒度WC-17Co粉末撞击镍718合金基体后的扁平化程度,测量不同粒度WC-17Co涂层的孔隙率,比较涂层致密度的差异,同时采用压痕法测量涂层的硬度。结果 WC-17Co粒子飞行速度和温度随喷涂距离的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,且粒子飞行速度和温度随粉末粒径的增大而减小,根据粉末粒径的不同,其速度峰值在690~810 m/s之间变化,温度峰值在1890~2050℃之间变化。直径越小的粒子撞击基体后的扁平率越高,扁平率在1.94~2.35之间。WC-17Co涂层的孔隙率随粒子直径的增大而升高,涂层的硬度与孔隙率成反比,涂层努氏硬度在1072~1284HK之间。结论超音速火焰喷涂过程中,碳化钨粉末的飞行速度和温度呈先增大后减小的趋势,且飞行速度和温度与粒子直径大小成反比。碳化钨涂层的致密度与硬度随粒子直径的增大而减小。

NiAl/NiCoCrAlY/8YSZ复合喷涂层的微观结构与性能研究

目的提高金属/陶瓷隔热涂层体系在海洋环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备NiAl复合打底层和Ni CoCrAlY粘结层,与等离子喷涂制备的8YSZ陶瓷层构成适用于海洋环境的多层结构耐蚀隔热涂层体系。利用FE-SEM分别观察喷涂态粘结层和陶瓷层的表面、横截面形貌,通过EDS分析涂层元素分布;利用XRD分析表征涂层的物相组成;借助万能材料试验机,采用拉伸法测试涂层结合强度;利用热循环试验和焰流冲刷试验测试涂层的耐高温性能。结果微观分析表明,冷喷涂制备的NiAl复合打底层和Ni CoCrAlY粘结层形貌致密,涂层材料未发生明显氧化,颗粒变形程度不一,粘结层与基体间的结合强度约为18.4 MPa,粘结层与8YSZ陶瓷层界面结合紧密。陶瓷层物相结构和成分稳定,涂层经12次热震循环和1000个周期的高温焰流冲击后,表面未出现开裂、起皮和脱落。结论采用冷喷涂法和等离子喷涂法联合制备的耐蚀隔热复合涂层体系具备良好的耐热性和耐腐蚀性。冷喷涂制备的金属涂层结构致密,孔隙率低,与陶瓷层结合良好,能够有效提高涂层体系在腐蚀性环境中的耐蚀性能。NiAl复合涂层可以缓解Ni CoCrAlY粘结层和铝合金基材间的热匹配问题,增强涂层的结合性能。

Numerical Simulation of Flameless Premixed Combustion with an Annular Nozzle in a Recuperative Furnace

This paper reports an investigation of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)on the influence of injection momentum rate of premixed air and fuel on the flameless Moderate or Intense Low oxygen Dilution(MILD) combustion in a recuperative furnace.Details of the furnace flow velocity,temperature,O2,CO2 and NOx concentrations are provided.Results obtained suggest that the flue gas recirculation plays a vital role in establishing the premixed MILD combustion.It is also revealed that there is a critical momentum rate of the fuel-air mixture below which MILD combustion does not occur.Moreover,the momentum rate appears to have less significant influence on conventional global combustion than on MILD combustion.

Flame Structure of a Jet Flame with Penetration of Side Micro-jets

In this paper, an innovative jet lifted flame with side micro-jets has been proposed and its effects on the flame structure have also been investigated. Due to the changes of the initial combustion conditions, mixing and aerodynamics which resulted from the perturbation of the side micro-jets, such a lifted jet flame has different flame structure compared with the common premixed flame. Results demonstrate that use of the micro-jets can control, to a certain extent, the flame structure, including the flame length, lift-off distance and blow-off limit. With the same fuel and air flow rate, the flame length with the side micro-jets will decrease about 5%-40% as the air volume ratio a increases from 58%-76%. Compared with the common diffusion flame, the jet flame with the side micro-jets demonstrates to be easier to be a momentum-dominated flame. The flame length with 2 micro-jets is about 5% less than with 6 micro-jets under the same fuel and air flow rate. With the same a, the fewer number of the controlled jets lead to the flame with relatively shorter length, not easier to be blown off and higher NOx emission. With certain fuel flow rate, the critical air volume ratio is largest for the flame with 3 micro-jets, which is more difficult to be blown off than the cases with 2, 4 or 6 micro-jets.

Application of WSGSA Model in Predicting Temperature and Soot in C_(2)H_(4)/Air Turbulent Diffusion Flame

Soot,a product of insufficient combustion,is usually in the form of aggregate. The multi-scattering of soot fractal aggregates has been proved to play an important role in studying the soot radiative properties,which is rarely considered in predicting the radiative heat transfer in combustion flame. In the present study,based on the weighted sum of gray soot fractal aggregate(WSGSA) model,which is used to predict the temperature field and soot aggregates in turbulent diffusion flame,the flame temperature distribution and soot volume fraction distribution under the conditions of the model without considering radiation,the default radiation model in Fluent software and the WSGSA model are calculated respectively. The results show that the flame temperature will be seriously overestimated without considering radiation and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 64.5%. The accuracy will be improved by the default radiation model in the Fluent software,but the flame temperature is still overestimated and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 42.1%. However,more satisfactory results can be obtained by the WSGSA model,and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is no more than 15.3%. Similar conclusions can also be obtained in studying the temperature distribution along different flame heights. Moreover,the soot volume fraction can be predicted more accurately with the application of the WSGSA model. Both without considering radiation and using the default radiation model in the Fluent software will result in the underestimating of soot volume fraction. All the results reveal that the WSGSA model can be used to predict the temperature and soot aggregates in the CH/air turbulent diffusion flame.

Mechanism research of gas and coal dust explosion

Combined with the experimental results from the large tunnel of the ChongqingResearch Institute,the mechanism of gas and coal dust explosion was studied.Someconcepts about gas and coal dust explosion were introduced such as the form conditionand influential factors.Gas and coal dust explosion propagation was researched and thelifting process of coal dust was simulated.When an explosion occurred due to great mixtureof gas and air,the maximum explosion pressure appeared in the neighborhood of theexplosion source point.Before it propagated to the tunnel of the deposited coal dust,themaximum explosion pressure appeared to be in declining trend.Part of the energy waslost in the process of raising the deposited coal dust through a shock wave,so the maximumexplosion pressure was smallest on the foreside of the deposited coal dust sector.On the deposited coal dust sector,the explosion pressure rapidly increased and droppedoff after achieving the largest peak value.Because of coal dust participation in the explosion,the flame velocity rose rapidly on the deposited coal dust and achieved a basic stablevalue;coal dust was ignited to explode by initial laminar flame,and the laminar flametransformed into turbulent flame.The turbulence transformed the flame fold into a funnelshape and the shock wave interacted with the flame,so the combustion rate rose and thepressure wave was further enhanced.The regeneration mechanism between the flamecombustion rate and the aerodynamic flowing structure achieved the final critical state forforming the detonation.

Advances in Large-eddy Simulation of Two-phase Combustion (I) LES of Spray Combustion

Spray combustion is widely used in power, transportation, chemical and metallurgical, iron and steel making, aeronautical and astronautical engineering. In recent years, large-eddy simulation (LES) becomes more and more attractive, because it can give the instantaneous flow and flame structures, and may give more accurate statistical results than the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) modeling. In this paper, the present status of the studies on LES of spray combustion is reviewed, and the future research needs are discussed.

A non-monotonic blow-off limit of micro-jet methane diffusion flame at different tube-wall thicknesses

In order to provide guideline for choosing a suitable tube-wall thickness(d)for the micro-jet methane diffusion flame,the effect of tube-wall thickness on the blow-off limit is investigated via numerical simulation in the present work.The results show that the blow-off limit of micro-jet methane diffusion flame firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of tube-wall thickness.Subsequently,the underlying mechanisms responsible for the above non-monotonic blow-off limit are discussed in terms of the flow filed,strain effect and conjugate heat exchange.The analysis indicates that the flow field is insignificant for the non-monotonic blow-off limit.A smaller strain effect can induce the increase of the blow-off limit fromd=0.1 to 0.2 mm,and a worse heat recirculation effect can induce the decrease of the blow-off limit fromd=0.2 to 0.4 mm.The non-monotonic blow-off limit is mainly determined by the heat loss of flame to the tube-wall and the performance of tube-wall on preheating unburned fuel.The smallest heat loss of flame to the tube-wall and the best performance of tube-wall on preheating unburned fuel result in the largest blow-off limit atd=0.2 mm.Therefore,a moderate tube-wall thickness is more suitable to manufacture the micro-jet burner.

Diffusion Flame of a CH4/H2 Jet in a Hot Coflow： Effects of Coflow Oxygen and Temperature

This paper investigates the effects of coflow O2 level and temperature on diffusion flame of a CH4/H2 jet in hot coflow （JHC） from a burner system similar to that of Dally et al. The coflow O2 mass fraction （ Yo2 ） is varied from 3% to 80% and the temperature （Tcof） from 1200 K to 1700 K. The Eddy Dissipation Concept （EDC） model with detailed reaction mechanisms GRI-Mech 3.0 is used for all simulations. To validate the modeling, several JHC flames are predicted under the experimental conditions of Dally et al. [Proc. Combust. Inst., 29 （1）, 1147-1154 （2002）] and the results obtained match well with the measurements. Results demonstrate that, when Yo2 decreased, the diffusion combustion is likely to transform from traditional combustion to MILD （Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution） combustion mode. When Tcof is higher, the temperature distribution over the whole domain trends to be more uniform. Reducing yo2 or Tcof leads to less production of intermediate species OH and CO. It is worth noting that if Yo2 is high enough （ Yo2 〉80%）, increasing Yo2 does not cause obvious temperature increase.

Simulation of Turbulent Combustion Flame Feature Based on Fractal Theory for SI Engines

The flame structure of gasoline engine is complicated and has the characteristic of fractal geometry. A fractal combustion model was used to simulate the engine working cycle. Based on this model, the fractal dimension and laminar flame surface area of turbulent premixed flames were studied under different working conditions. The experimental system mainly includes an optical engine and a set of photography equipment used to shoot the images of turbulent flame of spark-ignition engine. The difference box-counting method was used to process 2D combustion images. In contrast to the experimental results, the computational results show that the fractal combustion model is an effective method of simulating the engine combustion process. The study provides a better understanding for flame structure and its propagation.

Investigation on 1-Heptene/Air Laminar Flame Propagation under Elevated Pressures

The laminar flame propagation of 1-heptene/air mixtures covering equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.5 is investigated in a constant-volume cylindrical combustion vessel at 373K and elevated pressures (1, 2, 5, and 10 atm). Laminar flame speed and Markstein length are derived from the recorded schlieren images. A kinetic model of 1-heptene combustion is developed based on our previous kinetic model of 1-hexene. The model is validated against the laminar flame speed data measured in this work and the ignition delay time data in literature. Modeling analyses, such as sensitivity analysis and rate of production analysis, are performed to help understand the high temperature chemistry of 1-heptene under various pressures and its influence on the laminar flame propagation. Furthermore, the laminar flame propagation of 1-heptene/air mixtures is compared with that of n-heptane/air mixtures reported in our previous work. The laminar flame speed values of 1-heptene/air mixtures are observed to be faster than those of n-heptane/air mixtures under most conditions due to the enhanced exothermicity and reactivity.

Numerical Study on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Stability of Premixed Methane/Ethylene/Air Flames

A numerical study on premixed methane/ethylene/air flames with various ethylene fractions and equivalence ratios was conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The effects of ethylene addition on laminar burning velocity, flame structure and flame stability under the condition of lean burning were investigated. The results show that the laminar burning velocity increases with ethylene fraction, especially at a large equivalence ratio. More ethylene addition gives rise to higher concentrations of H, O and OH radicals in the flame, which significantly promotes chemical reactions, and a linear correlation exists between the laminar burning velocity and the maximum H + OH concentration in the reaction zone. With the increase of ethylene fraction, the adiabatic flame temperature is raised, while the inner layer temperature becomes lower, contributing to the enhancement of combustion. Markstein length and Markstein number, representative of the flame stability, increase as more ethylene is added, indicating the tendency of flame stability to improve with ethylene addition.

A numerical investigation in buoyancy effects on micro jet diffusion flame

The buoyancy effect on micro hydrogen jet flames in still air was numerially studied.The results show that when the jet velocity is relatively large(V≥0.2 m/s),the flame height,width and temperature decrease,whereas the peak OH mass fraction increases significantly under normal gravity(g=9.8 m/s^2).For a very low jet velocity(e.g.,V=0.1 m/s),both the peak OH mass fraction and flame temperature under g=9.8 m/s^2 are lower than the counterparts under g=0 m/s^2.Analysis reveals that when V≥0.2 m/s,fuel/air mixing will be promoted and combustion will be intensified due to radial flow caused by the buoyancy effect.However,the flame temperature will be slightly decreased owing to the large amount of entrainment of cold air into the reaction zone.For V=0.1 m/s,since the heat release rate is very low,the entrainment of cold air and fuel leakage from the rim of tube exit lead to a significant drop of flame temperature.Meanwhile,the heat loss rate from fuel to inner tube wall is larger under g=9.8 m/s^2 compared to that under g=0 m/s^2.Therefore,the buoyancy effect is overall negative at very low jet velocities.