薄煤层开采技术现状和发展趋势研究

现阶段我国煤层赋存条件更为复杂,大力推广薄煤层开采技术对从根本上提升矿产资源开发效率、进一步延长矿井开采年限的意义重大。相较于发达国家而言,国内薄煤层开采技术应用时间较短,需要结合当前煤矿开采需求,加强薄煤层开采全过程管控力度。本文就针对以上背景,首先分析薄煤层现状与开采特征,分析现存与薄煤层开采环节的各类问题,选择适宜薄煤层作业面设备,明确爆煤层开采技术种类,探寻薄煤层开采技术发展路径,以其为相关工作人员提供理论性帮助。

采煤工程中薄煤层开采技术分析

本文主要针对采煤工程中薄煤层开采技术展开深入研究,先对采煤工程中薄煤层开采技术进行了深入分析,主要包括炮采技术、普采技术、综采技术、综合机械化采煤等,然后总结了几点薄煤层开采技术的应用要点,主要包括加强先进机械设备的应用、优化工作环境、加强技术引进等,充分彰显出薄煤层开采技术的应用价值,促进采煤工程的顺利进行,并实现对煤炭资源的有效保护。

薄煤层开采技术的研究与分析

介绍了薄煤层的开采技术及发展,论述了发展薄煤层开采技术对合理利用有限的煤炭资源、延长矿井开采年限和实现我国能源工业可持续发展的重要意义。并以东曲矿2507工作面为例,介绍了开采过程中的布置及支护工艺,为似条件薄煤层的开采奠定了基础。

煤层开采技术及采煤工艺分析

只有先进的煤层开采技术及采煤工艺才能满足社会对煤炭资源的需求,因此,煤矿企业要充分掌握现代科技条件下的煤层开采技术,通过对采煤工艺的完善与创新提高整体生产效率。本文对现代煤矿企业煤层开采技术与采煤工艺进行详细阐述。

高风险复杂难采煤层开采技术研究与应用

大倾角煤层埋藏具有顶板坚硬、底板松软、煤层松散、煤层倾角与厚度变化大、结构复杂等特点,特别是在煤层与顶底板交互处赋存的煤矸互层,因其厚度变化大、结构与性能不稳定,沿煤层顶底布置工作面的常规开采方法存在重大安全隐患和煤炭质量低劣等问题,成为了制约工作面安全高效开采和技术经济效益进一步提高的“瓶颈”。 我国中厚煤层煤质中上部为煤矸夹层,中下部为煤的此类煤层较多,如新疆焦煤集团 5#煤层,煤层结构复杂,煤层内的夹矸层增多,最多可达 9 层,且夹矸层集中分布在顶板下方 3~5m 范围内的上位煤层中。煤层底部煤质较好区域煤层厚度在4.27m~7.8m之间,平均厚度为5.4m。在回采范围内煤层厚度在9.14m~13.27m之间,平均厚度为10.98m。煤层顶部区域夹矸较厚,煤质较差,工作面回采区域在煤层顶部,精煤回收率仅为 27%。吨煤成本高,且下位优良的煤层无法采出,造成了优质稀缺资源的严重浪费,亟需对 5#煤层的采煤工艺进行调整,将工作面从沿顶布置改变为沿夹矸复合顶板布置,最大限度开采下位煤层的优质资源。

采煤技术在煤层开采中的技术要点分析

由于开采的不合理性导致资源分配不均匀以及开采人员安全系统的降低都是目前我们需要解决的重要问题,煤矿充填开采技术在煤层开采中的应用,不仅可以有效解决开采工程中出现的问题,还可以在绿色环保的情况下提高煤炭开采的经济效益。

探究低渗透煤储层煤层气开采有效技术途径

煤储层煤层气是一种自生自储的天然气,相对于传统的化石燃料较为清洁,我国拥有庞大的煤层气的储量,但由于其所处煤层表现出吸解速度慢、渗透率低、吸附性强等特点,这就导致无法通过煤层实验井进行有效开采。如何高效的进行低渗透煤储层煤层气的开采成为了我国煤层气开采的关键问题,下文笔者将结合煤层气开采的实际情况对低渗透煤储层煤层气的开采提出几点建议。

煤矿厚煤层高强度开采技术特征研究

在分析煤矿厚煤层高强度开采技术时,需要基于开采现状及发展前景建立起强有效的指标评价体系。在绿色发展观念的影响之下,建立起了关于煤层高强度开采技术特征的评价机制,并用层次分析法构建起判断矩阵分析各个因素的影响程度,为煤矿安全、高效、绿色生产奠定了强有力基础。文章主要叙述了煤矿厚煤层高强度开采的主要技术特征。

整体顶梁组合悬移支架在薄煤层开采中的应用

本文根据整体顶梁组合悬移支架在中国平煤神马集团汝州矿区宁庄井四七采区的试验,对支架在复杂地质条件下薄煤层开采中的使用情况进行分析和评价,提出合理化建议,为整体顶梁组合悬移支架的推广打下了基础。

山西矿厚煤层疏干降压复采技术

对厚煤层采空区丢失煤量的复采方法进行了研究,根据老空水的赋存及丢失煤量的赋存状态,提出了一系列的方法和措施。通过合理疏干降压,优化巷道布置和开采工艺设计,对原已搁弃的呆滞煤量进行了充分的回收,为其它区域的复采提供了宝贵的经验。

浅析煤矿综合机械化采煤技术

综合机械化采煤技术的应用使得煤层的开采效率和安全性大幅度提高,是煤矿开采的核心技术。为了更好地发展煤矿综合机械化采煤技术,有必要深刻认识这一技术的特点。重点分析了综合机械化采煤技术的特点,并探讨了综合机械化采煤技术未来的发展方向,可以为综合机械化采煤技术的应用提供一定的指导。

煤矿地下开采工艺的现状分析及发展趋势

文章针对煤矿地下开采工艺分类展开分析,结合煤矿地下开采工艺的现状,包括综合应用体系尚未形成、对周围环境的影响性较大、开采过程变更情况较多等,通过研究优化薄煤层开采技术、液压支架技术多样化、信息技术体系的应用、智能采矿模式的形成等开采工艺未来发展趋势,其目的在于提高地下开采工艺的适用性,促进企业经济的稳定发展。

晋城矿区煤与煤层气协调开发模式优化决策方法

为进一步提高煤矿区煤与煤层气共采效率,需要对现阶段煤与煤层气协调开发模式进行优化决策,针对该问题,以晋城矿区为研究对象,基于层次规划思想提出了“采煤工作面→采区→矿井”3层级煤与煤层气协调开发模式优化决策思路;界定了采煤工作面煤与煤层气开发3区范围,采用非线性规划数学方法构建了采煤工作面煤与煤层气协调开发模式优化决策理论;基于3区时长控制关键因素建立了3区时长控制机制,明确了特殊阶段转换临界指标;基于优化决策目标内容,采用系统分析及归纳演绎法从安全性、经济性、资源效益性3方面构建了采煤工作面煤与煤层气协调开发效果评价指标体系及评价考核标准,对寺河煤矿东五盘区5301采煤工作面的煤与煤层气协调开发效果进行定量评价应用,验证了评价指标体系具有良好的现场适用性;基于煤层气开发技术和煤层气赋存条件,采用BP神经网络算法,建立了煤层气开采量预测模型,以寺河煤矿地面垂直井和井下顺层长钻孔为煤层气开采技术代表分析论证了其现场可操作性;以3区时长控制机制为纽带、以煤与煤层气开发全生命周期资源量守恒定律为本构模型、引入煤层气开采量预测模型,构建得到以3区时长为最基本待求解变量的采煤工作面煤与煤层气协调开发模式优化决策模型,决策模型以评价指标体系和特殊阶段转换临界指标作为求解约束条件,建立了可借助计算机编程语言实现的采煤工作面煤与煤层气协调开发模式优化决策流程,具体流程为“构建所有技术方案的3区时空关系制约方程并求解→通过协调开发效果评价确定每个技术方案的最佳开发方案→从所有技术方案的最佳开发方案中优选获得最佳开发方案”。研究表明:“以煤矿区煤与煤层气赋存条件、开采技术、现场实践数据为基础数据,以非线性规划、人工智能为建模方法,以计算机编程为具体实现手段”的煤与煤层气协调开发模式优化决策方法在理论与实践方面是可行的,该优化决策方法能够为解决晋城矿区煤层气开采与煤炭开采的时空矛盾问题提供指导意见。

2005上半年“科技兴企、技术创新”竞赛项目评审揭晓

2005上半年“科技兴企、技术创新”竞赛活动的项目申报、评审工作现已结束。共收到各单位申报项目47项，经筛选、小组初评、委员会评审、网上公示，评出获奖项目25项。“悬移支架放顶煤在开采易自燃‘三软’煤层中的应用”等4个项目获一等奖，“深部高地应力复杂条件下高瓦斯三软煤层开采技术”等6个项目获二等奖，“炮采工作面聚酯乙烯合成挡煤板”等15个项目获三等奖。按照有关文件精神，对获奖项目主要完成人员进行了奖励并颁发了荣誉证书。

厚煤层放顶煤开采技术的实践应用

随着我国工业水平的不断发展,对于能源的需求量也在不断的增加中,在煤矿的开采中,厚煤层的开采具有重要的意义,因此需要对于厚煤层的开采技术研究给予足够的关注。在放顶煤开采的过程中,机械工具的重要性是不言而喻的,因此需要对于工具的应用以及研究程度进行提升,在应用需求以及应用困难的基础上,提升工具的实用性,使得开采的总体效率以及技术也随之进步。基于此,本文对于厚煤层的放顶开采技术的应用进行探讨。

Key technologies and equipment for a fully mechanized top-coal caving operation with a large mining height at ultra-thick coal seams

Thick and ultra-thick coal seams are main coal seams for high production rate and high efficiency in Chinese coal mines, which accounts for 44 % of the total minable coal reserve. A fully mechanized top-coal caving mining method is a main underground coal extraction method for ultra-thick coal seams. The coal extraction technologies for coal seams less than 14 m thick were extensively used in China. However, for coal seams with thickness greater than 14 m, there have been no reported cases in the world for underground mechanical extraction with safe performance, high efficiency and high coal recovery ratio. To deal with this case, China Coal Technology ＆ Engineering Group, Datong Coal Mine Group, and other 15 organizations in China launched a fundamental and big project to develop coal mining technologies and equipment for coal seams with thicknesses greater than 14 m. After the completion of the project, a coal extraction method was developed for top-coal caving with a large mining height, as well as a ground control theory for ultra-thick coal seams. In addition, the mining technology for top-coal caving with a large mining height, the ground support technology for roadway in coal seams with a large cross-section, and the prevention and control technology for gas and fire hazards were developed and applied. Furthermore, a hydraulic support with a mining height of 5.2 m, a shearer with high reliability, and auxiliary equipment were developed and manufactured. Practical implication on the technologies and equipment developed was successfully completed at the No. 8105 coal face in the Tashan coal mine, Datong, China. The major achievements of the project are summarized as follows： 1. A top-coal caving method for ultra-thick coal seams is proposed with a cutting height of 5 m and a top-coal caving height of 15 m. A structural mechanical model of overlying strata called cantilever beam-articulated rock beam is established. Based on the model, the load resistance of the hydraulic support with a large mining height for top-coal caving method is determined. With the analysis, the movement characteristics of the top coal and above strata are evaluated during top-coal caving operation at the coal face with a large mining height. Furthermore, there is successful development of comprehensive technologies for preventing and controlling spalling of the coal wall, and the top-coal caving technology with high efficiency and high recovery at the top-coal caving face with a large mining height. This means that the technologies developed have overcome the difficulties in strata control, top-coal caving with high efficiency and high coal recovery, and enabled to achieve a production rate of more than 10 Mtpa at a single top-coal caving face with a large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams; 2. A hydraulic support with 5.2 m supporting height and anti-rockburst capacity, a shearer with high reliability, a scraper conveyor with a large power at the back of face, and a large load and long distance headgate belt conveyor have been successfully developed for a top-coal caving face with large mining height. The study has developed the key technologies for improving the reliability of equipment at the coal face and has overcome the challenges in equipping the top-coal caving face with a large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams; 3. The deformation characteristics of a large cross-section roadway in ultra-thick coal seams are discovered. Based on the findings above, a series of bolt materials with a high yielding strength of 500-830 MPa and a high extension ratio, and cable bolt material with a 1 × 19 structure, large tonnage and high extension ratio are developed. In addition, in order to achieve a safe roadway and a fast face advance, installation equipment for high pre-tension bolt is developed to solve the problems with the support of roadway in coal seams for top-coal caving operation with a large mining height; 4. The characteristics of gas distribution and uneven emission at top-coal caving face with large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams are evaluated. With the application of the technologies of gas drainage in the roof, the difficulties in gas control for high intensive top-coal caving mining operations, known as ＂low gas content, high gas emission＂, are solved. In addition, large flow-rate underground mobile equipment for making nitrogen are developed to solve the problems with fire prevention and safe mining at a top-coal caving face with large mining height and production rate of more than 10 Mtpa. A case study to apply the developed technologies has been conducted at the No. 8105 face, the Tashan coal mine in Datong, China. The case study demonstrates that the three units of equipment, i.e., the support, shearer and scraper conveyor, are rationally equipped. Average equipment usage at the coal face is 92.1%. The coal recovery ratio at the coal face is up to 88.9 %. In 2011, the coal production at the No. 8105 face reached 10.849 Mtpa, exceeding the target of 10 Mtpa for a topcoal caving operation with large mining height performed by Chinese-made mining equipment. The technologies and equipment developed provide a way for extracting ultra-thick coal seams. Currently, the technologies and equipment are used in 13 mining areas in China including Datong, Pingshuo, Shendong and Xinjiang. With the exploitation of coal resources in Western China, there is great potential for the application of the technologies and equipment developed.

Exploitation technology of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells in the Huainan coal mining area

Exploitation technology of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells is a new method for exploration of gas and coalbed methane exploitation in mining areas with high concentrations of gas, where tectonic coal developed. Studies on vertical surface well technology in the Huainan Coal Mining area play a role in demonstration in the use of clean, new energy resources, preventing and reducing coal mine gas accidents and protecting the environment. Based on the practice of gas drainage engineering of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells and combined with relative geological and exploration en- gineering theories, the design principles of design and structure of wells of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells are studied. The effects of extraction and their causes are discussed and the impact of geological conditions on gas production of the vertical surface wells are analyzed. The results indicate that in mining areas with high concentrations of gas, where tectonic coal developed, a success rate of pressure relief coalbed methane in surface vertical well is high and single well production usually great. But deformation due to coal exploitation could damage boreholes and cause breaks in the connection between aquifers and bore-holes, which could induce a decrease, even a complete halt in gas production of a single well. The design of well site location and wellbore configuration are the key for technology. The development of the geological conditions for coalbed methane have a significant effect on gas production of coalbed methane wells.

Technique of coal mining and gas extraction without coal pillar in multi-seam with low permeability

Aimed at the low mining efficiency in deep multi-seams because of high crustalstress,high gas content,low permeability,the compound 'three soft' roof and the trouble-somesafety situation encountered in deep level coal exploitation,proposed a new idea ofgob-side retaining without a coal-pillar and Y-style ventilation in the first-mined key pressure-relieved coal seam and a new method of coal mining and gas extraction.The followingwere discovered:the dynamic evolution law of the crannies in the roof is influenced bymining,the formative rule of 'the vertical cranny-abundant area' along the gob-side,thedistribution of air pressure field in the gob,and the flowing rule of pressure-relieved gas ina Y-style ventilation system.The study also established a theoretic basis for a new miningmethod of coal mining and gas extraction which is used to extract the pressure-relievedgas by roadway retaining boreholes instead of roadway boreholes.Studied and resolvedmany difficult key problems,such as,fast roadway retaining at the gob-side without a coalpillar,Y-style ventilation and extraction of pressure-relieved gas by roadway retainingboreholes,and so on.The study innovated and integrated a whole set of technical systemsfor coal and pressure relief gas extraction.The method of the pressure-relieved gasextraction by roadway retaining had been successfully applied in 6 typical working faces inthe Huainan and Huaibei mining areas.The research can provide a scientific and reliabletechnical support and a demonstration for coal mining and gas extraction in gaseous deepmulti-seams with low permeability.

Influence of mining thickness to the mechanical characteristics of gateways at FMTC faces

To make a better understanding of the mechanical characteristics of the surrounding rocks in the tailentry and headentry with different coal seam thickness at fully mechanized top-coal caving face （FMTC face）, the stress transition and displacement around the periphery of the gateways with different coal thicknesses were investigated in details by means of in situ measurement and 3-D numerical simulation. The research shows that the stresses decrease in the two spallings of the headentry and floor at goal with the increase in mining thickness. The roof pressure in the gates does not change obviously with the coal thickness, but the thicker the coal seam is, the farther the maximum stress will apply to the coal rib at the working face. The vertical stress is higher than the horizontal stress at two spallings of the gate, while its horizontal stress is higher than the vertical stress at the roof. The relative displacement between the roof and floor and the two spallings in the gateways increases gradually with the increase in coal seam thickness in a definite range in front of the face. Near the mining face, the stress decreases in the surrounding rock of the gates, while the deformation appears the most intensive. It is proposed that the support concept to the tailentry and headentry should be changed from loading control to deformation control.

Numerical simulation and actual research on safety and suitable position of roadway driving along next goaf

In view of the stress concentration problem left by the joint coal seams mining since the reservation of the coal pillar, it was proposed that non-pillar mining technology be used in Dongrong No.2 coal mine. The numerical simulation software FLAG2D was used to draw the relationship between surrounding rock deformation of roadway driving along next goaf and the size of the coal pillar, so the safety and suitable position of roadway was determined. The distribution of lateral abutment pressure was measured by using the ZYJ-30 drilling stress gauge in the coal wall. The conclusions of the numerical simulation were verified.