加卸载条件下煤样应变与渗透性的演化特征

随着开采深度的增大,高瓦斯矿井、煤与瓦斯突出矿井,相继发生冲击地压或兼具冲击地压和煤与瓦斯突出特征的煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害。在煤层开采过程中,采煤工作面前方煤体垂直应力陡增、水平应力卸除。煤层高瓦斯内能与煤岩系统地应力、支承压力的叠加为煤岩复合动力灾害的发生提供了力学条件。因此,为了研究气体压力和采动应力对煤岩变形和瓦斯流动状态的影响机制,利用煤岩变形-渗透率同步测试系统,采用轴向加载、径向卸载的加卸载实验方案模拟开采过程中支承压力和水平应力的变化特征,观测了煤样在不同气体压力下加卸载过程中的应变和气体流量。实验结果表明:加卸载初期差应力较低,煤样以压缩变形为主,其内部裂隙闭合,透气性降低;当差应力达到某一值时,相继出现气体流量由降低转为升高的拐点和扩容现象;扩容之后煤样产生塑性变形,其透气性进一步增大,更多气体从煤样中析出。大部分实验煤样发生扩容之前出现气体流量拐点,可见扩容之前,煤样内部的微裂缝已经开始延伸或者扩展。随着气体压力的升高,扩容起始点和气体流量拐点对应的差应力降低,因此高瓦斯压力会导致采动影响下煤体内部微裂缝扩展的应力门槛降低。气体压力较高(2.0 MPa)时,煤样扩容起始点和气体流量拐点对应的应力差平均值仅相差0.102 MPa,扩容起始点和气体流量拐点几乎同时出现。由此可知:高瓦斯煤岩体在采动应力影响下,蓄能的弹性变形区极有可能在瓦斯气体还未大量析出时,迅速转变为耗能的塑性变形区。一旦煤岩变形系统失稳,弹性变形区煤岩与瓦斯可同时释放能量,显现复合动力灾害的破坏特征。

含瓦斯煤渗透率演化模型和实验分析

与气体压力有关的煤层渗透率变化规律是煤矿开采和煤层气开发过程中的重要问题,不同应力条件下,不同类型煤样的渗透率演化特征不同。为了研究瓦斯压力变化过程中煤样渗透性的变化规律,以开滦赵各庄煤矿9号煤层的煤样为研究对象,利用含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,在恒定温度、轴压和围压,降低瓦斯压力的实验条件下测定了煤样应变和瓦斯渗透率。实验结果表明:随着瓦斯压力的降低,煤样收缩应变加剧,渗透率表现为两种变化趋势:逐渐增大和先减小后增大(渗透率回升对应的瓦斯压力小于1.0 MPa)。瓦斯压力降低至0.3 MPa时,渗透率为初始条件下(瓦斯压力2.0MPa)渗透率的1.9~2.9倍。考虑到煤样在径向和轴向的收缩应变数值接近,针对三维变形煤样建立了渗透率模型,模型同时体现了气体压力和气体解吸对渗透率的影响。理论分析表明,降压过程中煤的渗透率将在某一气体压力(反弹气体压力pr)时由降低转为升高。推导的反弹气体压力pr计算公式显示pr的取值由煤样的体积模量K、与吸附效应有关的Langmuir系数εp和pL共同决定;体积模量K与吸附变形系数εp越大,pr越大。值得注意的是,pr的取值与煤样的外部应力以及内部的气体压力无关。结合本文和前人的实验数据,由本文的渗透率模型计算得到了不同应力和瓦斯压力条件下的煤样渗透率变化曲线以及相应的反弹气体压力pr。模型计算结果与实验数据接近,最大相对误差低于8.9%。研究表明,实验测得煤样的渗透率表现为何种变化趋势,取决于反弹气体压力pr和实验气体压力的关系。当pr≥pmax(实验测点中最大的气体压力值)时,渗透率随着气体压力增大而降低;当pr≤pmin(实验测点中最小的气体压力值)时,渗透率随着气体压力增大而增大;当pmin<pr<pmax时,随瓦斯压力的增大,煤样渗透率呈“V”形变化,即先减小后增大。

有效应力对煤样变形和渗透性的影响研究

为了研究渗透率随有效应力的变化特征,利用含瓦斯煤热–流–固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,在外部应力不变、降低进口气体压力,外部应力、进气口压力同步降低2种实验条件下,观测了赵各庄煤矿9号煤层样品的应变和气相(氦气)渗透率,研究有效应力对煤样变形和渗透性的影响。实验结果显示,随着有效应力升高,煤样的收缩应变加剧,有效应力为5.2~6.5 MPa,收缩体积应变与有效应力之间符合线性关系,有效应力大于6.5 MPa或小于5.2 MPa,应力–应变曲线发生偏折,部分煤样出现扩容现象;气体渗流速度随进口气体压力的降低而降低;升高或降低有效应力,煤样渗透率均随着进口气体压力的降低而增大。由此可见研究有效应力变化条件下的渗透率变化特征,应适当考虑气体滑脱效应的影响。

The effect of different deformation mechanisms on the chemical structure of anthracite coals

To study the effect of different deformation mechanisms on the chemical structure of anthracite coals and further understand the correlation between changed chemical structures and coal and gas outburst, ten groups of sub-high-temperature and sub-high-pressure deformation experiments were performed. All samples maintained primary structure, which were collected from the Qudi Mine in the southern Qinshui Basin of China. The samples were analyzed by ultimate analysis, Vitrinite Reflection(VR), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy both before and after deformation experiments for contrasting. The results showed that the VR values of all samples after experiments were significantly higher than before experiments, which suggested that the metamorphism degree of anthracite coals was increased by deformation. The results also indicated that both temperature and strain rate had significant effects on the chemical structure of anthracite coals. At a high strain rate of 4×10?5 s?1, the deformation of the samples was mainly brittle in which the mechanical energy was transformed mainly into frictional energy. In this situation, all samples developed several distinct fractured surfaces and the change of chemical structures was not obvious. On the contrary, with the decrease of the strain rates, the ductile deformation was dominated and the mechanical energy was mainly transformed into strain energy, resulting in the accumulation of deformation energy confessed by increasing quantity of dislocation and creep in the coal's interior nucleus. The absorption in the aromatic ring groups increased; otherwise the absorption in the aliphatic structures and ether oxygen groups decreased rapidly. During these experiments, CO was collected from two experimental samples. The number of aromatic rings and the structure defects within the two generated gas samples increased and the degree of molecular structure orders decreased.