煤-天然气气流床共气化新技术研究

煤-天然气气流床共气化技术是实现不同工艺优势互补的高效能源综合转化技术。通过建立煤-天然气共气化试验装置,研究气化温度、气化压力、天然气/煤、水煤浆浓度对煤-天然气共气化主要指标的影响。通过分析合成气中主要气体组成、氢碳比(H2/CO)以及CH4含量变化,优选煤-天然气共气化试验条件,最后进行煤-天然气共气化优化试验。结果表明,煤-天然气共气化较合适的反应条件为:气化温度1 300~1 400℃,天然气/煤0.75~1.50 Nm3/kg,水煤浆浓度58%~61%。以西湾煤为原料,在制浆浓度59%,入炉煤量18 kg/h,天然气/煤0.94 Nm3/kg,气化温度1 350℃、气化压力0.5 MPa的条件下,煤-天然气共气化试验装置生产的合成气产量为46.06 Nm3/h,H2+CO含量为88.64%,CH4含量为0.66%,H2/CO为1.23。说明煤-天然气气流床共气化技术是一项高效的气化技术,该技术的开发有利于实现煤与天然气共气化技术的大规模工业化应用。

Influence of gas pressure state on the motion parameters of coal-gas flow in the outburst hole

Carried on the one-dimensional analysis to the motion state of coal-gas flow in the outburst hole, and deduced the relational expression between the motion parameters （containing of velocity, flow rate and density etc.） of bursting coal-gas flow and gas pressure in the hole, then pointed out the critical state change of coal-gas flow under different pressure conditions which had the very tremendous influence on both stability and destructiveness of the entire coal and gas outburst system. The mathematical processing and results of one-dimensional flow under the perfect condition are simple and explicit in this paper, which has the certain practical significance.

Analytical solution of coal-bed methane migration with slippage effects in hypotonic reservoir

Using theoretical analysis, the single-phase gas seepage mathematical model influenced by slippage effects was established. The results show that the pressure of producing wells attenuates more violently than the wells without slippage effects. The decay rate of reservoir pressure is more violent as the Klinkenherg factor increases. The gas prediction output gradually increases as the Klinenberg factor increases when considering gas slippage effects. Through specific examples, analyzed the law of stope pore pressure and gas output forecast changing in a hypotonic reservoir with slippage effects. The results have great theoretical significance in the study of the law of coal-bed methane migration in hypotonic reservoirs and for the exploitation of coal-bed methane.

Technique of coal mining and gas extraction without coal pillar in multi-seam with low permeability

Aimed at the low mining efficiency in deep multi-seams because of high crustalstress,high gas content,low permeability,the compound 'three soft' roof and the trouble-somesafety situation encountered in deep level coal exploitation,proposed a new idea ofgob-side retaining without a coal-pillar and Y-style ventilation in the first-mined key pressure-relieved coal seam and a new method of coal mining and gas extraction.The followingwere discovered:the dynamic evolution law of the crannies in the roof is influenced bymining,the formative rule of 'the vertical cranny-abundant area' along the gob-side,thedistribution of air pressure field in the gob,and the flowing rule of pressure-relieved gas ina Y-style ventilation system.The study also established a theoretic basis for a new miningmethod of coal mining and gas extraction which is used to extract the pressure-relievedgas by roadway retaining boreholes instead of roadway boreholes.Studied and resolvedmany difficult key problems,such as,fast roadway retaining at the gob-side without a coalpillar,Y-style ventilation and extraction of pressure-relieved gas by roadway retainingboreholes,and so on.The study innovated and integrated a whole set of technical systemsfor coal and pressure relief gas extraction.The method of the pressure-relieved gasextraction by roadway retaining had been successfully applied in 6 typical working faces inthe Huainan and Huaibei mining areas.The research can provide a scientific and reliabletechnical support and a demonstration for coal mining and gas extraction in gaseous deepmulti-seams with low permeability.

Dynamic development characteristics of amounts of gas and levels of pressure in the Pan-1 coal mine of Huainan

The Pan-1 coal mine located in Huainan municipality, Anhui province, is abundant in coal resources. In order to discover the natural conditions of gas in its coal seams, we inverted the burial history of these coal seams using the software of Easy%Ro method and simulated the development process of gas volumes and pressure of the major coal seams using CBM History Simulation Software. Our analysis shows that the devolution of gas volumes and levels of pressure can be divided into four stages: i.e., a biogas stage (P1-P3), a pyrolysis gas stage (T1-T2), an active gas enrichment stage (T3-K1) and a gas dissipating stage (K2-present). Currently, the average amounts of gas and gas pressure in coal seams Nos. 13-1, 11-2 and 8 of the Pan-1 coal mine are 8.18 m3/t and 2.20 MPa; 3.89 m3/t and 2.47 MPa and 6.35 m3/t and 2.89 MPa, respectively. This agrees very well with current mining data.

Study of the features of outburst caused by rock cross-cut coal uncovering and the law of gas dilatation energy release

To study the law of gas dilatation energy release of rock cross-cut coal uncovering face, according to the analysis of the physical parameters distribution features of coal and rock mass in front of crosscut face,the equations of elastic potential of coal and gas dilatation energy theory were set up to process a contrast calculation of the sizes of two kinds of energy. The results show that gas dilatation energy is the uppermost energy source causing outburst occurrence. Furthermore, the mathematical model of spherical flow field gas dilatation energy release was established and MATLAB software was applied to make a numerical calculation analysis on the law of gas dilatation energy release. The results indicate that the gas dilatation energy is closely related to gas parameters and its energy index does reflect the possibility of coal seam outburst.

Experimental study on effects of CBM temperature-rising desorption

To study the effects of CBM （coal bed methane） temperature-rising desorption, isothermal adsorption/desorption experiments on three ranks （anthracite, coking coal and lignite） of coal at different temperatures were designed based on the traditional CBM decompression desorption. The experimental results indicate that temperature-rising desorption is more effec- tive in high-rank coal, and ever-increasing temperature of high-rank coal reservoir can reduce the negative effects of coal ma- trix shrinkage in the process of production and improve the permeability of the coal reservoir as well. It is also revealed that the technique of temperature-rising desorption applied in higher-rank coal reservoir can enhance CBM recovery ratio. This study provided theoretical support for the application of temperature-rising desorption technique in practical discharging and mining projects, which can effectively tackle the gas production bottleneck problem.

The creep experiment and theoretical model analysis of gas- containing coal

A creep experiment of preformed molding coal under different confining pressures were carried out using self-developed 3-triaxial creep loading device for gas-containing coal, which loaded by Shimadzu AGI-250 kN electrical servo-controlled stiffness testing machine. Based on the experimental results, the variation trend of axial deformation under different stress states was studied, and creep failure characteristics of gas-containing coal under different confining pressures were analyzed. The experimental results were identified with seven-component nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model （Hohai model）, and the creep material parameters were obtained. The experimental result complies well with the theoretical value of this model. It indicates that creep constitutive relation of gas-containing coal can be expressed by nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model correctly.

The risk early-warning of gas hazard in coal mine based on Rough Set-neural network

This article proposed the risk early-warning model of gas hazard based on Rough Set and neural network. The attribute quantity was reduced by Rough Set, the main characteristic attributes were withdrawn, the complexity of neural network system and the computing time was reduced, as well. Because of fault-tolerant ability, parallel processing ability, anti-jamming ability and processing non-linear problem ability of neural network system, the methods of Rough Set and neural network were combined. The examples research indicate： applying Rough Set and BP neural network to the gas hazard risk early-warning coal mines in coal mine, the BPNN structure is greatly simplified, the network computation quantity is reduced and the convergence rate is speed up.

Dynamic effects of high-pressure pulsed water jet in low-permeability coal seams

Mine gas extraction in China is difficult due to the characteristics such as micro-porosity,low-permeability and high adsorption of coal seams.The pulsed mechanismof a high-pressure pulsed water jet was studied through theoretical analysis,experimentand field measurement.The results show that high-pressure pulsed water jet has threedynamic properties.What's more,the three dynamic effects can be found in low-permeabilitycoal seams.A new pulsed water jet with 200-1 000 Hz oscillation frequency andpeak pressure 2.5 times than average pressure was introduced.During bubble collapsing,sound vibration and instantaneous high pressures over 100 MPa enhanced the cuttingability of the high-pressure jet.Through high-pressure pulsed water jet drilling and slotting,the exposure area of coal bodies was greatly enlarged and pressure of the coal seamsrapidly decreased.Therefore,the permeability of coal seams was improved and gas absorptionrate also decreased.Application results show that gas adsorption rate decreasedby 30%-40%and the penetrability coefficient increased 100 times.This proves that high-pressurepulsed water is more efficient than other conventional methods.

Research on forced gas draining from coal seams by surface well drilling

Surface drilling was performed at the Luling Coal Mine,in Huaibei,to shorten the period required for gas draining.The experimental study was designed to reduce the cost of gas control by efficiently draining gas from the upper protected layer.The structural arraignment and technical principles of pressure relief via surface drilling are discussed.Results from the trial showed that gas drained from the surface system over a period of 10 months.The total amount of collected gas was 248.4 million m^3.The gas draining occurred in three stages：a growth period;a period of maximum gas production;and an attenuation period.The period of maximum gas production lasted for 4 months.During this time the methane concentration ranged from 60%to 90%and the average draining rate was 10.6 m^3/min.Combined with other methods of draining it was possible to drain 70.6%of the gas from middle coal seam groups.The amount of residual gas dropped to 5.2 m^3/ton,and the pressure of the residual gas fell to 0.53 MPa, thereby eliminating the outburst danger in the middle coal seam groups.The factors affecting pressure relief gas draining by surface drilling were analysed.

Theory and practice of integrated coal production and gas extraction

The integrated extraction of coal and gas combines coal mining with gas capture. Taking into account the gas deposition and flow conditions in the Chinese coal basins, this paper describes the status of the theory and key technologies of this integrated extraction system, and presents its application and practice in the Shaqu, Zhongxing, Fenghuangshan and Pingmei mines. Areas for further improvements in future studies are discussed, focusing in particular on the fundamentals of the extraction system to make it greener, more scientific, and more advanced in both the exploitation and utilization of coal and the gas in coal.

Productivity of coalbed methane wells in southern of Qinshui Basin

Based on regional CBM geological characteristics and drainage data of three typical Coalbed Methane(CBM) wells in the southern Qinshui Basin,history matching,productivity prediction and factor analysis of gas production control are conducted by using COMET3 reservoir modeling software.The results show that in the next 20 years,the cumulative and average daily gas production of the QN01 well are expected to be 800×104 m3 and 1141.1 m3/d,for the QN02 well 878×104 m3 and 1202.7 m3/d and 97.5×104 m3 and 133.55 m3/d for the QN03 well.Gas content and reservoir pressure are the key factors controlling gas production in the area;coal thickness,permeability and porosity are less important;the Langmuir volume,Langmuir pressure and adsorption time have relatively small effect.In the process of CBM recovery,the material source and driving force are the key features affecting gas productivity,while the permeation process is relatively important and the desorption process has some impact on gas recovery.

Effect of surfactant Tween on induction time of gas hydrate formation

Acceleration of gas hydrate formation is important in preventing coal and gas outbursts and is based on a hydration mechanism. It becomes therefore necessary to investigate the effect of surfactants, acting as accelerants for hydrate formation, on induction time. We experimented with three types of a Tween solution with equal concentrations of 0.001 mol/L (T40, T40/T80 (1:1), T40/T80 (4:1)). By means of visual experimental equipment, developed by us, we measured generalized induction time using a Direct Observation Method. The experimental data were analyzed combined with a mass transfer model and a hydrate crystal nuclei growth model. Our major conclusions are as follows: 1) solubilization of surfactants produces supersaturated gas molecules, which promotes the mass transfer from a bulk phase to hydrates and provides the driving force for the complexation between host molecules (water) and guest molecules in a gas hydrate formation process; 2) when the solution of the surfactant concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surfactant in an aqueous solution will transform to micelles. Most of the gas molecules are bound to form clusters with water molecules, which promotes the formation of crystal nuclei of gas hydrates; 3) the surfactant T40 proved to have more notable effects on the promotion of crystal nuclei formation and on shortening the induction time, compared with T40/T80 (1:1) and T40/T80 (4:1).

Prediction and control of rock burst of coal seam contacting gas in deep mining

By analyzing the characteristics and the production mechanism of rock burstthat goes with abnormal gas emission in deep coal seams,the essential method of eliminatingabnormal gas emission by eliminating the occurrence of rock burst or depressingthe magnitude of rock burst was considered.The No.237 working face was selected asthe typical working face contacting gas in deep mining;aimed at this working face,a systemof rock burst prediction and control for coal seam contacting gas in deep mining wasestablished.This system includes three parts:① regional prediction of rock burst hazardbefore mining,② local prediction of rock burst hazard during mining,and ③ rock burstcontrol.

An analysis of new generation coal gasification projects

The global trends of increasing oil and gas costs have compelled coal possessing countries to start long term underground coal gasification （UCG） projects. These enhance national energy security and are among the cleanest, ecologically safest coal utilization technologies. This paper delineates the major characteristics of such technologies and analyzes technical solutions. Highlighting the desire to develop large scale industrial UCG plants, pilot level projects are presented using a new UCG method developed in Russia by Joint Stock Company Gazprom Promgaz. This method is distinct for its high controllability, stability, and energy efficiency. New, efficient technical solutions have been developed over the last 10-15 years and are patented in Russia. They guarantee controllability and stability of UCG gas produc- tion. Over one hundred iniection and gas production wells have been operated simultaneously.

Drainage feature about coalbed methane wells in different hydrogeological conditions in Fanzhuang area

It is an important guarantee to enhance the production of coalbed methane （CBM） and reduce the project invest- ment by finding out the drainage feature about CBM wells in different hydrogeological conditions. Based on the CBM explora- tion and development data on the Fanzhuang block in southeast Qinshui Basin and combined with the seepage principle and lithology on the roof and the bottom coalbed, the mathematical model of integrated permeability was established. By perme- ability experiments of the different lithologies on the roof and the floor within the 20 m range combined with the log curves, the integrated permeability of different lithological combinations were obtained. The starting pressure gradient and permeabi- lity of the roof and the floor for different lithologies was tested by ＂differential pressure-flow method＂. The relationships be- tween the starting pressure gradient and the integrated permeability were obtained. The critical distance of limestone water penetrating into coal reservoirs was calculated. According to the drainage feature of CBM wells combined with the drainage data of some CBM wells, the results show that, when limestone water can penetrate into coal reservoirs, the daily water production is high and the daily gas production is low although there is no gas at the beginning of the drainage process, the CBM wells stop discharging water within 6 months after the gas began to come out, and the gas production is steadily improved. When limestone water can not penetrate into coal reservoirs, the daily water production is low and the daily gas production is high at the beginning of the drainage process, and it almost stops discharging water after some time when the gas come out, the daily gas production increases, and the cumulative water production is much lower.

Evaluation of coal bed methane content using BET adsorption isotherm equation

Coal bed methane is unconventional raw natural gas stored in coal seam with considerable reserves in China.In recent years,as the coal bed methane production,the safety and the use of resources have been paid more attentions.Evaluating coal bed methane content is an urgent problem.A BET adsorption isotherm equation is used to process the experimental data.The various parameters of BET equation under different temperatures are obtained;a theoretical gas content correction factor is proposed,and an evaluation method of actual coal bed methane is established.

Dynamic action simulation system and preliminary experiments of coal seams and gas

In order to study the dynamic action and physical effects of coal seams and gas, a simulation system for this dynamic action was developed and a physical model built in our laboratory. Using this newly built model, the volume of coal outbursts and the temperature during the outburst process were studied. The results show that： l） for coal seams with similar structure and com- ponents, two factors, i.e., gas pressure and ground stress affect the volume of coal outbursts, with gas pressure being the more im- portant of the two and 2） the changes in coal temperature, both its increase and decrease, are affected by ground stress and gas pressure, it is a process of change. Preliminary tests show that the system can simulate the dynamic interaction of coal and gas, which is helpful for studying the dynamic mechanism of solid-gas coupling of gas and coal.

Study of coal and gas outbursts by numerical modeling approach

Abstract During mining or road-way development, the distribution of stress and coal pore pressure in the coal face and rib around the new opening will change, under certain conditions, dynamic failure of coal in the form of an outburst can occur. In the modeling studies presented in this paper, an outburst was considered to consist of three distinct stages： preinitiation, initiation and post-initiation, which takes into account the major processes and mechanisms that can influence both outburst-proneness and post-initiation outburst behavior. The model has been applied to simulate the effects of mechanisms in the coal matrix, coal strength, coal damage, geological structures on outbursts. The model constructed using the FLAC software, which were undertaken to research the effects on outbursts of coal strength pressure gradient, and other factors.