There are four kinds of the most famous vinegars in China. Qingxu Very Mature Vinegar of Shanxi Province is number one. Three others are Zhenjiang Savory Vinegar of Jiangsu Province, Baoning Bran Vinegar of Sichuan Pr...There are four kinds of the most famous vinegars in China. Qingxu Very Mature Vinegar of Shanxi Province is number one. Three others are Zhenjiang Savory Vinegar of Jiangsu Province, Baoning Bran Vinegar of Sichuan Province and Yongchun Vinegar of Fujian Province展开更多
Objective： The use of donor-derived immature dendritic cells （imDC） has become a promising approach to induce immune tolerance or immune hyporesponsiveness. However, donor-derived imDC needs to be harvested for a f...Objective： The use of donor-derived immature dendritic cells （imDC） has become a promising approach to induce immune tolerance or immune hyporesponsiveness. However, donor-derived imDC needs to be harvested for a few days and transfused into the recipient in 5-10 days before transplantation, which is practically impossible in a clinical setting where donor organs are mainly harvested from cadavers. Moreover, donor-derived imDC might be cleared by allogeneic reaction offsetting induced immune tolerance or immune hyporesponsiveness. In our study, we further explored the underlying mechanism of immune hyporesponsiveness induced by donor-antigen-unloaded recipient-derived imDC by transfusing these imDC into rats in 1 day before liver transplantation. This paper is to study the mechanism of immune hyporesponsiveness induced by donor-antigen-unloaded recipient-derived imDC and its protection of liver grafts in rats. Methods： 40 SD rats （donor） and 40 male Wistar rats （recipient） were randomly divided into 4 groups： control, cyclosporine A （CsA）, mature DC （mDC）, and imDC; with 10 SD rats and 10 Wistar rats for each group. Animal models of acute graft rejection were established with these rats. Corresponding treatments were given before or after transplantation. In the control group, Wistar rats received no treatment other than liver transplantation. In the CsA group, Wistar rats underwent liver transplantation plus CsA treatment （10 mg/kg·d） in the starting day 2 after transplantation. For the mDC group, recipient-derived mDC （1 × 10^6/rat） were infused intravenously via the dorsal vein of the penis to recipient rats. For the imDC group, imDC （1× 10^6/rat） were injected into recipient rats via the dorsal vein of the penis. In each group, 5 recipients were executed at 10 days after transplantation; the remaining five recipients were kept for the observation of survival time. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of ALT and TBIL; IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 and levels were measured with double-antibody sandwich ELISA. Liver tissue was harvested for HE staining and the observation of histological features. Acute rejection was evaluated with Banff classification. Expression levels of Fas-L/Fas in the grafts were detected by iminunohistochemieal staining; and western blot was used to detect the expression level of Scurfin. Results： The median survival times （MST） of the liver allografls in the CsA and imDC group were significantly longer than those in the control or mDC group （P〈0.05）. The serum levels of ALT and TBIL in the control and mDC groups were significantly higher than those of the CsA or imDC group （P〈0.05）. Compared with the CsA anti imDC group, the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were higher but the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were lower than those of the control and mDC groups （P〈0.01）. Slight or no rejection reaction was found in the CsA anti imDC groups （P〈0.05）. The expression level of Scurfin protein in CD4^＋ CD25^＋ T cells of the imDC group was significantly higher than that of three other groups （P〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Donor-antigen-unloaded recipient- derived imDC is an effective treatment in inducing immune hyporesponsiveness by blocking indirect recognition in rat liver transplantation model. Survival span was significantly prolonged by its protective effect. The mechanism of immune hyporesponsiveness induced hy imDC transfusion may involve the preprocesses of T cell apoptosis induction, immune tolerance or hyporesponsiveness in T cells, induction of the shift in TH1/TH2 balance, selection activation of Th2 subset, or induction of regulatory T cell.展开更多
Macroautophagy is a multistep, vacuolar, degradation pathway terminating in the lysosomal compartment, and it is of fundamental importance in tissue homeostasis. In this review, we consider macroautophagy in the light...Macroautophagy is a multistep, vacuolar, degradation pathway terminating in the lysosomal compartment, and it is of fundamental importance in tissue homeostasis. In this review, we consider macroautophagy in the light of recent advances in our understanding of the formation of autophagosomes, which are double-membrane-bound vacuoles that sequester cytoplasmic cargos and deliver them to lysosomes. In most cases, this final step is preceded by a maturation step during which autophagosomes interact with the endocytic pathway. The discovery of AuTophaGyrelated genes has greatly increased our knowledge about the mechanism responsible for antophagosome formation, and there has also been progress in the understanding of molecular aspects of autophagosome maturation. Finally, the regulation of autophagy is now better understood because of the discovery that the activity of Atg complexes is targeted by protein kinases, and owing to the importance of nuclear regulation via transcription factors in regulating the expression of autophagy genes.展开更多
Tomato has emerged as an emblematic model plants for fleshy fruit research and tomato fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process.The many physiology and biochemical processes associated w...Tomato has emerged as an emblematic model plants for fleshy fruit research and tomato fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process.The many physiology and biochemical processes associated with tomato fruit ripening require changes in the expression of hundreds to thousands of genes.Gene expression is regulated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways,one of the recently discovered mechanisms in plants was small RNAs mediated gene silencing at post-transcriptional(PTGS) level.Intriguingly,several mi RNAs and endogenous si RNAs were revealed to be involved in the fruit ripening process which opened a new avenue in the field of fleshy fruit biology.This review compiled the most recent advances made in deciphering the regulation functions of mi RNAs and si RNAs in tomato fruit ripening.It also emphasized the new perspectives now possible in the small RNAs regulation research in tomato fruit ripening and senescence.展开更多
文摘There are four kinds of the most famous vinegars in China. Qingxu Very Mature Vinegar of Shanxi Province is number one. Three others are Zhenjiang Savory Vinegar of Jiangsu Province, Baoning Bran Vinegar of Sichuan Province and Yongchun Vinegar of Fujian Province
文摘Objective： The use of donor-derived immature dendritic cells （imDC） has become a promising approach to induce immune tolerance or immune hyporesponsiveness. However, donor-derived imDC needs to be harvested for a few days and transfused into the recipient in 5-10 days before transplantation, which is practically impossible in a clinical setting where donor organs are mainly harvested from cadavers. Moreover, donor-derived imDC might be cleared by allogeneic reaction offsetting induced immune tolerance or immune hyporesponsiveness. In our study, we further explored the underlying mechanism of immune hyporesponsiveness induced by donor-antigen-unloaded recipient-derived imDC by transfusing these imDC into rats in 1 day before liver transplantation. This paper is to study the mechanism of immune hyporesponsiveness induced by donor-antigen-unloaded recipient-derived imDC and its protection of liver grafts in rats. Methods： 40 SD rats （donor） and 40 male Wistar rats （recipient） were randomly divided into 4 groups： control, cyclosporine A （CsA）, mature DC （mDC）, and imDC; with 10 SD rats and 10 Wistar rats for each group. Animal models of acute graft rejection were established with these rats. Corresponding treatments were given before or after transplantation. In the control group, Wistar rats received no treatment other than liver transplantation. In the CsA group, Wistar rats underwent liver transplantation plus CsA treatment （10 mg/kg·d） in the starting day 2 after transplantation. For the mDC group, recipient-derived mDC （1 × 10^6/rat） were infused intravenously via the dorsal vein of the penis to recipient rats. For the imDC group, imDC （1× 10^6/rat） were injected into recipient rats via the dorsal vein of the penis. In each group, 5 recipients were executed at 10 days after transplantation; the remaining five recipients were kept for the observation of survival time. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of ALT and TBIL; IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 and levels were measured with double-antibody sandwich ELISA. Liver tissue was harvested for HE staining and the observation of histological features. Acute rejection was evaluated with Banff classification. Expression levels of Fas-L/Fas in the grafts were detected by iminunohistochemieal staining; and western blot was used to detect the expression level of Scurfin. Results： The median survival times （MST） of the liver allografls in the CsA and imDC group were significantly longer than those in the control or mDC group （P〈0.05）. The serum levels of ALT and TBIL in the control and mDC groups were significantly higher than those of the CsA or imDC group （P〈0.05）. Compared with the CsA anti imDC group, the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were higher but the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were lower than those of the control and mDC groups （P〈0.01）. Slight or no rejection reaction was found in the CsA anti imDC groups （P〈0.05）. The expression level of Scurfin protein in CD4^＋ CD25^＋ T cells of the imDC group was significantly higher than that of three other groups （P〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Donor-antigen-unloaded recipient- derived imDC is an effective treatment in inducing immune hyporesponsiveness by blocking indirect recognition in rat liver transplantation model. Survival span was significantly prolonged by its protective effect. The mechanism of immune hyporesponsiveness induced hy imDC transfusion may involve the preprocesses of T cell apoptosis induction, immune tolerance or hyporesponsiveness in T cells, induction of the shift in TH1/TH2 balance, selection activation of Th2 subset, or induction of regulatory T cell.
文摘Macroautophagy is a multistep, vacuolar, degradation pathway terminating in the lysosomal compartment, and it is of fundamental importance in tissue homeostasis. In this review, we consider macroautophagy in the light of recent advances in our understanding of the formation of autophagosomes, which are double-membrane-bound vacuoles that sequester cytoplasmic cargos and deliver them to lysosomes. In most cases, this final step is preceded by a maturation step during which autophagosomes interact with the endocytic pathway. The discovery of AuTophaGyrelated genes has greatly increased our knowledge about the mechanism responsible for antophagosome formation, and there has also been progress in the understanding of molecular aspects of autophagosome maturation. Finally, the regulation of autophagy is now better understood because of the discovery that the activity of Atg complexes is targeted by protein kinases, and owing to the importance of nuclear regulation via transcription factors in regulating the expression of autophagy genes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(31401536)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(6144020)+1 种基金the Special Fund of China Agriculture Research System(CARS-25)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201203095)
文摘Tomato has emerged as an emblematic model plants for fleshy fruit research and tomato fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process.The many physiology and biochemical processes associated with tomato fruit ripening require changes in the expression of hundreds to thousands of genes.Gene expression is regulated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways,one of the recently discovered mechanisms in plants was small RNAs mediated gene silencing at post-transcriptional(PTGS) level.Intriguingly,several mi RNAs and endogenous si RNAs were revealed to be involved in the fruit ripening process which opened a new avenue in the field of fleshy fruit biology.This review compiled the most recent advances made in deciphering the regulation functions of mi RNAs and si RNAs in tomato fruit ripening.It also emphasized the new perspectives now possible in the small RNAs regulation research in tomato fruit ripening and senescence.
