可逆固体氧化物电池SrTiO_(3)基燃料极材料的研究进展

可逆固体氧化物电池RSOCs在SOFC/SOEC双模式下交替运行,可实现清洁能源—电能的可持续循环,起到“移峰填谷”的作用,因其具有效率高、运行时间长、储能规模大等优点,在能源互联网建设中具有广阔的应用前景。传统Ni-YSZ燃料极材料在使用含有硫杂质的燃料气时极易硫中毒,在使用碳氢燃料时易产生积碳。而钛酸锶(SrTiO_(3))钙钛矿材料因其具有高度可调的结构及性能、良好的结构稳定性及热化学稳定性、较强的抗积碳抗硫中毒能力等,成为研究最为广泛的RSOCs燃料极材料。综述了SrTiO_(3)基RSOCs燃料极的研究进展,并阐述了其相关机制研究,指出了SrTiO_(3)基燃料极在未来RSOCs应用中所面临的挑战。

固体氧化物燃料电池燃料极材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是将化学能转换成电能的储能器件,本文针对当前SOFC在不同工作环境下稳定性差、性能低等问题,综合分析了燃料极材料的研究现状,并对各种材料的制备方法及性能优缺点进行分类综述。探讨了镍基、单钙钛矿、双钙钛矿及层状钙钛矿材料在制备方法上的优缺点,同时比对分析了各种材料在电池燃料极方面应用情况,为下一步SOFC燃料极的结构设计及界面反应机理研究提供了重要的参考依据。

固体高分子型燃料电池的燃料极用催化剂（CN1841822）

本发明是将贵金属微粒承载在由导电性物质构成的载体上而形成的固体高分子型燃料电池的燃料极用催化剂，所述固体高分子型燃料电池的燃料极用催化剂中，所述贵金属微粒和所述由导电性物质构成的载体的重量比（贵金属微粒：导电性物质）为60：40～95：5，而且贵金属微粒具备以下（a）～（c）的条件：（a）贵金属微粒含有铂和钌，其配比（铂：钌）以摩尔比表示在1：1～1：3的范围内；

可逆固体氧化物电池La_(0.2)Sr_(0.8)TiO_(3–δ)基纤维燃料极的浸渍改性

开发适合可逆操作的高性能燃料极材料对可逆固体氧化物电池的发展至关重要。为解决LaxSr_(1-x)TiO_(3)燃料极材料催化活性差及离子电导率低等问题,采用静电纺丝技术直接制备富含连通孔洞的La_(0.2)Sr_(0.8)TiO_(3-δ)(LST)/氧化钇稳定型氧化锆(YSZ)复合纤维,构建了以LST骨架为电子通道主路、YSZ颗粒为离子通道穿插的三维网络混合导体通路,并通过浸渍Ce_(0.9)M_(0.1)O_(2-δ)(M=Fe、Co、Ni)纳米颗粒对燃料极骨架修饰改性,增强燃料极与电解质层间的界面结合,研究不同浸渍物对纤维基燃料极催化活性的影响。结果表明:浸渍Ce_(0.9)Ni_(0.1)O_(2-δ)的燃料极兼具有较强的氢氧化能力和氢还原能力,在浸渍物和Ni纳米颗粒析出的共同作用下,单电池在850℃、3%(体积分数)H_(2)O/H_(2)下的最高功率密度达到342 mW/cm^(2);在850℃、46.8%(体积分数)H_(2)O/H_(2)、1.3 V下的电解电流密度达到0.313 A/cm^(2)。

燃料电池(FC)联合循环发电系统的开发现状及展望

燃料电池是一种能将燃料化学能直接转化成电能的装置，燃料电池发电装置对电力工业具有很大的吸引力，将成为２１ 世纪的新能源。本文主要讨论了高温燃料电池的构成与原理以及燃料电池的联合发电系统，同时还叙述了美国等其他国家燃料电池的开发现状以及对燃料电池未来的展望。

不可思议——以水为原料的燃料电池问世

什么时候我们的车不是喝油而是喝水呢？相信这种白日梦并不光是我一个人在做．很多朋友也希望有这种奇迹发生。让人震撼的是。光用水来当作原料的动力系统真的问世了．近RGENEPAX公司就推出了一种以水为燃料的燃料电池系统WES（Water Energy System）．该系统向燃料极供水．向空气极供空气即可发电，并不会排放二氯化碳。

Genepax公司公布“水汽车”原理:真正“燃料”是金属

日本Genepax公司于2008年6月12日公布的以水和空气发电的燃料电池系统“Water Energy System”，安装在汽车上面每一升水可行驶80公里，其部分反应原理本站昨日已有报道，即在燃料极侧使金属或金属化合物与水发生化学反应从而提取氢气。今天，该公司公布了该系统的更多细节，其中消耗的物质并非像此前所说的那样只有水而已。

Electricity generation during wastewater treatment by a microbial fuel cell coupled with constructed wetland

A membrane-less constructed wetland microbial fuel cell （CW-MFC） is constructed and operated under continuous flow with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 2 d. Fed with glucose, the CW-MFC generates a stable current density of over 2 A/m3 with a resistor of 1 kΩ and has a chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of more than 90% after the startup of 2 to 3 d. A series of systems with the electrode spacings of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm are compared. It is found that the container with the electrode spacing of 20 cm gains the highest voltage of 560 mV, the highest power density of 0. 149 W/m 3, and the highest Coulombic efficiency of 0.313%. It also has the highest COD removal efficiency of 94. 9%. In addition, the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations are observed as the lowest level in the middle of all the CW-MFC reactors. The results show that the more COD is removed, the greater power is generated, and the relatively higher Coulombic efficiency will be achieved. The present study indicates that the CW-MFC process can be used as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment with simultaneous power generation.

Nanostructured electrocatalytic materials and porous electrodes for direct methanol fuel cells

Direct methanol fuel cells （DMFCs） are promising for use in portable devices because of advantages such as high fuel energy density, low working temperature and low emission of pollutants. Nanotechnology has been used to improve the performance of DMFCs. Catalytic materials composed of small, metallic particles with unique nanostructure supparted on carbons or metal oxides have been widely investigated for use in DMFCs. Despite our increased understanding of this type of fuel cell, many challenges still remain. This paper reviews the current developments of nanostructured elec- trocatalytic materials and porous electrodes for use in DMFCs. In particular, this review focuses on the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured catalysts and supporting materials. Both computational and experimental approaches to optimize mass transportation in porous electrodes of DMFCs, such as theoretical modeling of internal transfer processes and preparation of functional structures in membrane electrode assemblies, are introduced.

汽车火灾的预防和扑救

汽车,作为人们工作、生活中必要的交通工具,随着经济高速发展和人民生活水平不断提高,在逐年递增。然而,伴之而来的汽车火灾事故也在大量增多。针对汽车火灾频发的现实问题,了解汽车火灾的特点。

是福还是祸

在化石燃料极度缺乏的今天，不少科学家都在为寻找新能源没日没夜地干着。终究功夫是不辜负有心人的。只要肯用时间下功夫，铁棒也能磨成针。哦不，其实咱们想说的是，经过长期的寻找，中国科学家终于在青海省祁连山南缘永久冻土带成功钻获了天然气水合物，成为世界上第一个在中低纬度冻土区发现天然气水合物的国家。

Ni doped La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)FeO_(3-δ) symmetrical electrode for solid oxide fuel cells

The conventional Ni cermet anode suffers from severe carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning when fossil fuels are used. Alternative anode materials are desired for high performance hydrocarbon fuel solid oxide fuel cells （SOFCs）. We report the rational design of a very active Ni doped La0.6Sr0.4FeO3‐δ（LSFN） electrode for hydrocarbon fuel SOFCs. Homogeneously dispersed Ni‐Fe alloy nanoparticles were in situ extruded onto the surface of the LSFN particles during the operation of the cell. Sym‐metric SOFC single cells were prepared by impregnating a LSFN precursor solution onto a YSZ （yt‐tria stabilized zirconia） monolithic cell with a subsequent heat treatment. The open circuit voltage of the LSFN symmetric cell reached 1.18 and 1.0 V in humidified C3H8 and CH4 at 750？？, respective‐ly. The peak power densities of the cells were 400 and 230 mW/cm2 in humidified C3H8 and CH4, respectively. The electrode showed good stability in long term testing, which revealed LSFN has good catalytic activity for hydrocarbon fuel oxidation.

Electrochemical discharging performance of 3D porous magnesium electrode in organic electrolyte

A novel type of porous magnesium electrode with a stable 3D copper foam as current collectors for the organic magnesium-air battery was prepared by both amperostatic and pulsed electrodeposition of magnesium on copper foam substrates in an electrolyte of 1 mol/L EtMgBr/THF solution, respectively. Optimal parameters of the pulsed electrodeposition were obtained using a bending cathode at the right angle. The surface morphology of the porous electrode was investigated by SEM, and the discharging performance of the porous magnesium electrode was detected by the chronoamperometric measurement. The electrochemical stability of 3D copper foam current collectors was examined by cyclic voltammetry, SEM and ICP-OES analyses. The results show that the rate capability of the porous magnesium electrode with a stable 3D copper foam as a current collector is better than that of the planar magnesium electrode, and the rate capability of the porous magnesium electrode prepared by the pulsed electrodeposition is superior to that of the porous magnesium electrode prepared by the amperostatic electrodeposition. The 3D structure of copper foam current collectors of the porous magnesium electrode could keep stable during the discharging process.

An Intermediate-temperature H_2S Fuel Cell with a Li_2SO_4-based Proton-conducting Membrane

A laboratory-scale intermediate-temperature H2S fuel cell with a configuration of H2S, (metal sulfide-based composite anode)/Li2SO4+Al2O3/(NiO-based composite cathode), air was developed and studied for production of power and for desulfurization of a fuel gas process stream. The cell was run at typical temperature (600—650℃) and ambient pressure, but its electrochemical performance may be limited by electrolyte membrane thickness. The membrane and its performance in cell have been characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) techniques. Composite anodes based on metal sulfides, Ag powder and electrolyte behaved well and stably in H2S stream, and composite cathodes based mainly on nickel oxide, Ag powder and electrolyte had superior per-formance to Pt catalyst. The maximum power density of up to 70mW?cm-2 and current density of as high as 250mA?cm-2 were obtained at 650℃. However, the long-term cell stability remains to be investigated.

Investigation of Cathode Catalysts for Intermediate-temperature H2S-Air Fuel Cells

Abstract Cathode catalysts comprising composite NiO, NiO-Pt, or LiNiO2 have been developed for electro- chemical oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells （ITSOFCs）. All catalysts exhibited good electrical conductivity and catalytic activity at operating temperature. Composite NiO catalysts were found to be more active and have lower over potential and higller current density than pure Pt although the electrical conductivity of NiO itself is lower than that of Pt. This problem has been overcome by either admixing as high as 10% （by mass）Ag powder into NiO_ cathode layer or using composite NiO c atalysts such as NiO-Pt and LiNiO2 catalysts. Composite catalysts like NiO with Ag, electrolyte and starch admixed, NiO-Pt, which was prepared from a mixture of NiO and Pt powders, by admixing electrolyte and starch, and LiNiO2, which is derived from the reaction of LiOH-H2O and NiO with electrolyte and starch admix_ed have been shown to be feasible and effective in an intermediate-temperature H2S-air fuel cell. A fuel cell using Li2SO4-based proton-conducting membrane as electrolyte, metal sulfides as anode catalysts, and composite NiO as cathode catalysts produced a maximum current density about 300mA·cm^-2 and maximum power density over 80 mW-cm-2 at 680℃.

Improved properties of carbon fiber paper as electrode for fuel cell by coating pyrocarbon via CVD method

The fabrication of a pyrocarbon coated carbon paper and its application to the gas diffusion lay(GDL) of proton exchange membrane(PEM) fuel cell were described.This carbon paper was fabricated by using conventional carbon paper as the precursor,and coating it with pyrocarbon by pyrolyzing propylene via the chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.For comparison,conventional carbon paper composites were also prepared by using PAN-based carbon fiber felt as the precursor followed by impregnation with resin,molding and heat-treatment.SEM characterization indicates that pyrocarbon is uniformly deposited on the surface of the fiber in the pyrocarbon coated carbon paper and made the fibers of carbon felt bind more tightly.In contrast,there are cracks in matrix and debonding of fibers due to carbonization shrinkage in the conventional carbon paper.Property measurements show that the former has much better conductivity and gas permeability than the latter.In addition,current density-voltage performance tests also reveal that the pyrocarbon coating can improve the properties of carbon paper used for electrode materials of fuel cell.

Power production enhancement with polyaniline composite anode in benthic microbial fuel cells

In this study,conductive polymer polyaniline(PANI)is employed to modify the anodes of benthic microbial fuel cells(BMFC).Four electrochemical methods are used to synthesize the polyaniline anodes;the results show that the PANI modification,especially the pulse potential method for PANI synthesis could obviously improve the cell energy output and reduce the anode internal resistance.The anode is modified by PANI doped with Fe or Mn to further improve the BMFC performance.A maximum power density of 17.51 mW/m2 is obtained by PANI-Fe anode BMFC,which is 8.1 times higher than that of control.The PANI-Mn anode BMFC also gives a favorable maximum power density(16.78 mW/m2).Fe or Mn modification has better effect in improving the conductivity of polyaniline,thus improving the energy output of BMFCs.This work applying PANI composite anode into BMFC brings new development prospect and could promote the practical application of BMFC.

Influence of graphite particle size and its shape on performance of carbon composite bipolar plate

Bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) where polymer is used as binder and graphite is used as electric filler were prepared by means of compression molding technology. Study on the effects of graphite particle size and shape on the bipolar plate performance, such as electrical conductivity, strength, etc. showed that with decrease of graphite particle size, bulk electrical conductivity and thermometric conductivity decreased, but that flexural strength was enhanced. After spherical graphite occurrence in flake-like form, the flexural strength of the bipolar plate was enhanced, electrical conductivity increased but thermal conductivity decreased in direction paralleling pressure direction, and both electrical conductivity and thermometric conductivity reduced in direction perpendicular to pressure direction.

Cathode catalytic dependency behavior on ionomer content in direct methanol fuel cells

Cathode catalyst layers （CLs） with varying ionomer （Nation） contents were prepared and the direct methanol fuel cell structure and catalytic behavior were investigated as a function of ionomer content. CL roughness and thickness increased with increasing Nation content. Contact angle measurements determined that CL hydrophilicity also increased as a function of Nation content. Poor bonding between the CL, microporous layer, and the proton exchange membrane was obtained when the ionomer content was too low. The electrochemical surface areas （ESAs） were found to increase with increasing Nation content before reaching an asymptote at elevated loading levels. However, upon increasing the ionomer content above 30 wt.%, the water and oxygen mass transler properties were difficult to control. Considering the above conditions, N30 （：30 wt.% Nation） was found to be the optimal level to effectively extend the three-phase boundaries and enhance cell performance.