燃料喷射率对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

燃料喷射率分布是降低直喷式柴油机有害物排放的重要因素 ,文中通过试验研究 ,阐述引燃喷射和喷射率对直喷式柴油机燃烧与排放的影响 ,说明抑制初期燃油喷射率和提高后期燃油喷射率是降低NOx 及烟尘排放的重要途径。

关于空气预热的燃料节约率

对无烟煤燃烧过程空气预热的燃料节约率进行了热力学分析，结果表明．在空气消耗系数α＝１．０～１．３时，空气预热温度每提高１００℃，燃料节约率提高４．６％～５．９％。且α越大预热空气的节能效果越显著。

加热炉燃料节约率的计算方法及应用

对蓄热式炉替代换热式炉后的燃料节约率计算方法进行了探讨,给出了改进的燃料节约率计算公式。通过计算分析,指出传统计算方法计算精度低的原因,提出蓄热式炉替代换热式炉是节能还是耗能的结果不是唯一确定的。

固体替代燃料在水泥行业的应用

当前水泥行业面临“能耗双控”要求,改革任务既艰巨又紧迫。固体替代燃料作为化石燃料的替代能源,已经在水泥行业开展探索性试验及应用。目前替代燃料种类繁杂,物理及化学特性差异性较大,在应用过程中对水泥产品质量、生产设备、环境安全等方面造成一定风险。且目前国内替代燃料生产供应并未达到标准化、精细化,导致替代燃料在水泥企业的推广应用受限。

高浓度煤粉燃烧过程中燃料N释放特性实验研究

高浓度煤粉燃烧是一种新型的洁净煤燃烧技术,具有高效低污染排放特性。在一维火焰炉与固定床反应器实验台上,对不同煤种、粒径、炉温在不同煤粉浓度下燃料N的释放特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:煤种不同,燃料N的释放特性差异明显。挥发分越高,燃料N最大释放率对应的煤粉浓度越低;煤粉粒径越小,燃料N在不同煤粉浓度下的释放率越高;炉温越高,燃料N越容易释放,燃料N主要以挥发分N的形式释放出来。随着煤粉浓度的递增,NOx转化率与燃料燃尽率均呈单调递减趋势,高浓度煤粉燃烧有利于低NOx的排放,但煤粉浓度过高,对煤粉的燃尽不利。在高浓度煤粉燃烧过程中,煤粉与空气的充分混合及合理选取过量空气系数至关重要。

生物质烘干打散装置及其在水泥厂的应用

为了将一定燃值的生物质或生物质衍生物烘干,研发了一种利用烧成系统余热作为热源的烘干设备,还具有打散功能。该烘干打散装置用于山西某水泥厂窑协同处置糠醛渣项目中,引入窑头200~300℃的烟气作为热源,糠醛渣含水率从34.24%降到17.99%,缩小了物料粒径,燃料替代率从7.5%提升到了20%。

回转窑富氧燃烧处理锌浸出渣工艺研究

文章通过对回转窑富氧燃烧处理锌浸出渣工艺的工业试验研究,表明富氧燃烧对降低窑渣含锌和燃料率,提升处理量效果显著。

催化剂级配技术在加氢裂化装置上的工业应用

介绍了FC-52/FC-32/FC-80催化剂级配体系在中国石油化工股份有限公司天津分公司1.8 Mt/a加氢裂化装置上的应用情况,并对标定数据进行了分析.结果表明:不同性能的加氢裂化催化剂经合理级配后性能良好,对原料适应性强,加工方案灵活,产品质量优良且分布合理;通过对操作条件的调整,喷气燃料收率由20.31%提高至22.33%,柴油收率减少,达到压减柴油的目的;液体收率、加工损失率均在指标要求范围内,中间馏分油选择性好且收率高,尾油产品性质好,BMCI值降低至12.8,可以作为生产乙烯的优质裂解原料;装置设计能耗为1 488MJ/t,2019年1月实际综合能耗为732 MJ/t,较设计能耗降低较多.该催化剂级配技术的应用达到了预期的使用效果,满足了实际生产需求.

三角形网格CE/SE方法在带锥形尾喷管两相脉冲爆轰发动机流场计算中的应用

推导了带源项的三角形网格求解元守恒元数值方法的计算格式,应用该方法模拟了带锥形扩张尾喷管的气液两相脉冲爆轰发动机的内外流场。分析了锥形尾喷管内不同填充状况对脉冲爆轰发动机的内外流场和推进性能的影响。计算结果表明该三角形网格CE/SE方法可以有效捕捉到直管和变截面管中的爆轰波、激波等强间断,很好地刻画了PDE内外流场的细节。锥形尾喷管中不填充燃料时,尾喷管中的流场复杂,压力峰值大幅下降,马赫数峰值增大,此时发动机对燃料的利用率更高;而将锥形尾喷管和爆轰管作为整体全部填充燃料时,锥形管中流场简单,压力峰值比直管中略有下降,此时发动机得到更大的瞬时推力和冲量,总体推进性能提高。

年产15万吨钙镁磷肥高炉敞口出料的设计与应用

一、全国钙镁磷肥高炉的出料方式全国钙镁磷肥高炉的出料方式分:流股出料和敞口出料两大类。敞口出料以蛇纹石为主要熔剂或生产二级品以下的生产厂家,因熔料熔点低、流动性好、不易堵料口、易操作等原因,多采用敞口出料。

应用玻璃结构因子配料法生产钙镁磷肥小结

一九七四年以来,我厂一直采用氧化物分子比配料生产钙镁磷肥。近几年来,由于磷矿在开采过程中逐年贫化,品位低劣,单纯从氧化物分子比的观点配料,余钙碱度0.8～1.30这个参数符合,其它模数比不一定符合理论范围,加上矿源和土焦供应点不稳定,炉况波动性大,高炉时开时停,产品质量下降。工艺水平一直难以提高,针对这一情况,我厂去年七月份成立了高炉生产攻关小组,用氧化物分子比和T3——Ob/Y-b配料图配料进行对照生产。

采用玻璃结构因子生产一级钙镁磷肥小结

为了掌握与推广《玻璃结构因子》配料法。生产钙镁磷肥,我厂除了去年在一些班组搞了短期试产外,于今年元月份开炉后即采用了O_b/Y_b配料法生产一级钙镁磷肥。现将试产情况简介如下。一、第一次试产情况介绍: 1、原、燃料成份组成: 2、料批组成: 1) 按本厂生产经验:每炼一吨粗肥,需要料批(磷矿十蛇纹石1.17吨。燃料率0.2,磷损(吹损与挥发)η=13％。

某垃圾焚烧发电厂循环水系统的优化运行方式

针对生活垃圾焚烧发电厂12MW凝汽式汽轮发电机组的循环冷却水系统进行了系统的分析研究,提出了改进型综合成本燃料耗率法,并将其与基于最佳真空的循环水系统优化方法和考虑冷却水价格后的最大收益法进行对比分析,确定了机组在不同负荷和不同循环水进口温度下最经济的循环水泵运行组合方式,绘制出机组循环水泵的最优运行工况图。分析结果表明,改进型综合成本燃料耗率法得到的结果优于其它2种方法,它可以在最大限度内使用"1机1小泵"和"2机1小泵+1大泵"2种运行方式,从而正确指导垃圾焚烧发电厂的经济运行。

Complete Modeling for Systems of a Marine Diesel Engine

This paper presents a simulator model of a marine diesel engine based on physical, semi-physical, mathematical and thermodynamic equations, which allows fast predictive simulations The whole engine system is divided into several functional blocks： cooling, lubrication, air, injection, combustion and emissions. The sub-models and dynamic characteristics of individual blocks are established according to engine working principles equations and experimental data collected from a marine diesel engine test bench for SIMB Company under the reference 6M26SRP1. The overall engine system dynamics is expressed as a set of simultaneous algebraic and differential equations using sub-blocks and S-Functions of Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of this model, implemented on Matlab/Simulink has been validated and can be used to obtain engine performance, pressure, temperature, efficiency, heat release, crank angle, fuel rate, emissions at different sub-blocks. The simulator will be used, in future work, to study the engine performance in faulty conditions, and can be used to assist marine engineers in fault diagnosis and estimation （FDI） as well as designers to predict the behavior of the cooling system, lubrication system, injection system, combustion, emissions, in order to optimize the dimensions of different components. This program is a platform for fault simulator, to investigate the impact on sub-blocks engine＇s output of changing values for faults parameters such as： faulty fuel injector, leaky cylinder, worn fuel pump, broken piston rings, a dirty turbocharger, dirty air filter, dirty air cooler, air leakage, water leakage, oil leakage and contamination, fouling of heat exchanger, pumps wear, failure of injectors （and many others）.

Expressions for Entropy Production Rate of Fuel Cells

On the basis of a general model of fuel cells, the entropy production rates of a fuel cell system under different conditions are derived by using theories of electrochemistry and thermodynamics. In order to analyze the influence of the irreversible losses existing in an actual fuel cell, the equivalent circuit of the fuel cell is introduced, so that the irreversible factor of the fuel cell may be determined directly as a function of the internal, leak and load resistances. Moreover, the maximum power output and efficiency of the fuel cell are calculated, the optimal operation of the fuel cell is discussed, and the matching condition of the load resistance is determined.

Multi-Physics Modeling Assisted Design of Non-Coking Anode for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Low Steam Methane

Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is highly beneficial for improving the energy efficiency and reducing the system complexity and cost of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs).However,anode coking for the Ni-based anode should be prevented before the technology becomes a reality.A multi-physics fully coupled model is employed to simulate the operations of SOFCs fueled by low steam methane.The multi-physics model produces I-V relations that are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.The multi-physics model and the experimental non-coking current density deduced kinetic carbon activity criterion are used to examine the effect of operating parameters and the anode diffusion barrier layer on the propensity of carbon deposition.The interplays among the fuel utilization ratio,current generation,thickness of the barrier layer and the cell operating voltage are revealed.It is demonstrated that a barrier layer of 400μm thickness is an optimal and safe anode design to achieve high power density and non-coking operations.The anode structure design can be very useful for the development of high efficiency and low cost SOFC technology.

An approach for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle

To promote the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine, an approach was proposed for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle(ORC). The ORC system uses IC engine coolant as heat source, and it is coupled to the IC engine cooling system. After various kinds of organic working media were compared, R124 was selected as the ORC working medium. According to IC engine operating conditions and coolant energy characteristics, the major parameters of ORC system were preliminary designed. Then, the effects of various parameters on cycle performance and recovery potential of coolant energy were analyzed via cycle process calculation. The results indicate that cycle efficiency is mainly influenced by the working pressure of ORC, while the maximum working pressure is limited by IC engine coolant temperature. At the same working pressure, cycle efficiency is hardly affected by both the mass flow rate and temperature of working medium. When the bottom cycle working pressure arrives at the maximum allowable value of 1.6 MPa, the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine could be improved by 12.1%.All these demonstrate that this low-temperature ORC is a useful energy-saving technology for IC engine.

Data-driven nonlinear control of a solid oxide fuel cell system

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are considered to be one of the most important clean,distributed resources. However,SOFCs present a challenging control problem owing to their slow dynamics,nonlinearity and tight operating constraints. A novel data-driven nonlinear control strategy was proposed to solve the SOFC control problem by combining a virtual reference feedback tuning (VRFT) method and support vector machine. In order to fulfill the requirement for fuel utilization and control constraints,a dynamic constraints unit and an anti-windup scheme were adopted. In addition,a feedforward loop was designed to deal with the current disturbance. Detailed simulations demonstrate that the fast response of fuel flow for the current demand disturbance and zero steady error of the output voltage are both achieved. Meanwhile,fuel utilization is kept almost within the safe region.

Optimal design considering structural efficiency of compressed natural gas fuel storage vessels for automobiles

The shape and thickness of the dome were investigated with the aim of optimizing the type II CNG storage vessels by using a finite element analysis technique. The thickness of the liners and reinforcing materials was optimized based on the requirement of the cylinder and dome parts. In addition, the shape of the dome, which is most suitable for type lI CNG storage vessels, was proposed by a process of review and analysis of various existing shapes, and the minimum thickness was established in this sequence： metal liners, composite materials and dome parts. Therefore, the new proposed shape products give a mass reduction of 4.8 kg（5.1%）

协同处置电解铝大修渣对水泥质量的影响

研究了水泥窑协同处置电解铝大修渣后熟料碱含量、熟料强度、三率值以及煤耗的变化,以揭示大修渣的成分对水泥质量的影响,以及其原燃料替代情况.结果表明:大修渣碱含量为影响水泥窑况的主要因素,且处置量控制在生料量的2%以下为宜;大修渣能有效提高熟料28 d强度,协同处置期间,熟料3 d抗压强度平均降低1.2 MPa,28 d抗压强度平均增加2.3 MPa,熟料标准煤耗平均降低3.03 kg/t,有效实现危险废物无害化以及资源化利用.