矿化垃圾衍生燃料热解过程HCl与H2S析出规律

采用热重红外质谱联用法(TG-FTIR-MS)和水平管式热解炉/化学吸收法,对比研究了矿化垃圾(ARDF)和常规垃圾(NRDF)衍生燃料热解过程腐蚀性气体(HCl和H_2S)的析出特性,分析了热解温度及热解类型对析出行为的影响并对热解固相产物腐蚀性元素的赋存特点进行了考察。结果表明,慢速热解过程,两者腐蚀性气体的析出特征温度区间相似,均分为两段,HCl析出区间为200-400和420-500℃,H_2S析出区间为230-370和380-670℃,而ARDF表现为较低的HCl和H_2S析出率;快速热解过程,两者腐蚀性气体的析出受热解温度影响较大,且规律有所差别:随热解温度的升高,HCl析出率呈S型变化(先高后低再高),而H_2S析出率呈正相关,均在850℃达到峰值,其中,HCl析出率分别为48.8%(ARDF)和29.4%(NRDF),H_2S析出率分别为6.8%(ARDF)和44.6%(NRDF)。因腐蚀性气体差异性的析出规律,两类垃圾热解固相产物腐蚀性元素的赋存与热解温度相关,ARDF的Cl和S元素最高赋存率分别可达59.4%(450℃)和84.3%(750℃),而NRDF的Cl和S元素最高赋存率分别仅为36.7%(850℃)和15.2%(650℃)。说明在合适的热解条件下,相比NRDF,ARDF腐蚀性元素不易释放,倾向于固相赋存,此为不同垃圾衍生燃料的热利用提供了一定依据和参考。

矿产可供性分析初探

矿产可供性分析的目的是对当前的非燃料矿产进行技术及经济评价,为政府制订资源政策和资源立法提供依据。文中探讨了建立矿产可供性系统的内容和方法。

地球·人类与矿产

宇宙拥有一个太阳系;太阳系有一个地球;地球上有个古老而又文明的国度——中国。她有着九百六十万平方公里土地;她山河壮丽,幅员辽阔,矿产资源十分丰富,早在距今约一万年前的石器时代,她已开始利用多种矿产。

北美洲的矿藏分布

北美是一个矿藏丰富的大陆,不仅种类多,而且藏量也很丰富.因为各种地质构造不同,所以矿藏分布也有一定的规律. 在加拿大地盾区,由于前寒武纪岩层广泛出露,矿藏组成的基本特点是缺乏燃料矿,而金属矿极其丰富.突出的有铁、金、铂、镍、铜、铅、锌、银等,除铁外,一般都分布在岩浆侵入体周围的接触变质带中.这里有北美的大铁矿区拉布拉多—魁北克铁矿区和苏必利尔湖铁矿区;又具有世界意义的萨得伯里镍—铜矿床;铀城附近有北美最大的铀矿.

美苏在南部非洲的争夺及其前景

扎伊尔以南的南部非洲是美国和西方大国“至关重要”的利益所在。非洲非燃料矿产占世界非燃料矿产的30％。除铝和磷酸盐等外,主要产地集中在南部非洲。这里蕴藏着西方世界许多具有重大战略意义的矿产,如:黄金、铬、锰、铂、钒、锑、钴、钻石等,还盛产铜、铀、铌、锗、钽等资源。这里有世界“原料仓库”扎伊尔和“世界铜国”

Influence of CO2 on Oxygen Surface Exchange Kinetics of Mixed- Conducting Ba0.5 Sr0.5 Co0.8 Feo.2O3_δ Oxide

The poisoning effect of CO2 on the oxygen surface exchange kinetics of BSCF （Ba0.5 Sr0.5 Co0.8 Feo.2O3_δ） is investigated with a novel pulse isotopic exchange technique. The surface exchange rate of BSCF severely decreases after in situ exposure to CO2, which is ascribed to carbonate formation on the material surface. The detrimental effect of CO2 starts at a low temperature of 375 ℃ and concentration as low as 1%, and becomes more pro- nounced at higher temperatures. Degradation of the surface exchange kinetics is associated with a rapid loss of oxygen permeation performance of BSCF in CO2.

Depositional Characteristics of Deltas and Their Relationship with Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the North Slope, Biyang Depression

Tectonic movements in the North Slope of Biyang Depression are comparatively mild and stable, thus generating two categories of deltas. Elementary reasons for the coexistence of deltas are the existence of the palaeodrainage pattern and the effect of palaeotopography. The sedimentary facies is the most elementary factor controlling the physical property of reservoirs. The layout and spatial combination model of the sand body and faults are the major influential factors on the occurrence of hydrocarbons. Comparative study on Houzhang and Yanglou Braided Deltas as well as Zhangchang and Gucheng Meandering Deltas suggests that the hydrocarbons distribute primarily in the mouth bar subfacies and secondarily in the distal bar subfacies of the braided delta, while the oil-water and aqueous layers are mainly found in the subaquatic distributary channel. Although the sand body of the meandering delta has excellent stratification and high porosity, the thickness is far less than that of the braided delta. Therefore, the yield of hydrocarbon is relatively low. The mudstone of the delta front subfacies is a kind of source rock with a high content of organic matter. The conducting system for oil/gas migration in the North Slope is a composite one comprising faults and sand- stone reservoirs. A large amount of oil/gas from the deep depression first migrated towards the slope along the sand body which stretches and connects with the source rocks, and then redistributed along the faults in the slope. After the movement reached a standstill, the faults formed the occlusion in the up-dip direction of the sand body, generating a great quantity of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Noah Slope.

La_(1-x)Ca_xMn_(1-y)Al_yO_3 perovskites as efficient catalysts for two-step thermochemical water splitting in conjunction with exceptional hydrogen yields

Solar‐driven thermochemical water splitting represents one efficient route to the generation of H2as a clean and renewable fuel.Due to their outstanding catalytic abilities and promising solar fuel production capacities,perovskite‐type redox catalysts have attracted significant attention in this regard.In the present study,the perovskite series La1‐xCaxMn1‐yAlyO3(x,y=0.2,0.4,0.6,or0.8)was fabricated using a modified Pechini method and comprehensively investigated to determine the applicability of these materials to solar H2production via two‐step thermochemical water splitting.The thermochemical redox behaviors of these perovskites were optimized by doping at either the A(Ca)or B(Al)sites over a broad range of substitution values,from0.2to0.8.Through this doping,a highly efficient perovskite(La0.6Ca0.4Mn0.6Al0.4O3)was developed,which yielded a remarkable H2production rate of429μmol/g during two‐step thermochemical H2O splitting,going between1400and1000°C.Moreover,the performance of the optimized perovskite was found to be eight times higher than that of the benchmark catalyst CeO2under the same experimental conditions.Furthermore,these perovskites also showed impressive catalytic stability during two‐step thermochemical cycling tests.These newly developed La1‐xCaxMn1‐yAlyO3redox catalysts appear to have great potential for future practical applications in thermochemical solar fuel production.

Cr-poisoning under open-circuit condition in LaNi_(0.6)Fe_(0.4)O_(3-δ)-based nano composite cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells prepared by infiltration process

LaNi（0.6）Fe（0.4）O（3-δ） （LNF） powders were synthesized by the glycine-nitrate process and LNF-gadolinium-doped ceria （GDC） nanocomposite cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells （SOFCs） were fabricated by infiltration from LNF porous backbones. Electrochemical properties and Cr-poisoning behavior of LNF-GDC cathodes were studied. Single phase perovskite LNF could be obtained at the glycine to nitrate molar ratio of 1：1. The polarization resistance of the LNF-GDC nanocomposite cathode was significantly decreased in comparison with the LNF. This phenomenon was associated with enhanced catalytic activity and enlarged triple-phase boundary （TPB） length by GDC nano particles. In addition, the nanocomposite cathode showed good Cr tolerance under open circuit condition. The LNF-GDC nanocomposite cathodes were expected for use as a potential cathode in intermediate- temperature solid oxide fuel cells （IT-SOFC）.

Green fuel from coal via Fischer-Tropsch process： scenario of optimal condition of process and modelling

Extracting, transportation and the using from fossil fuels can damage to the hydrosphere, the biosphere and the Earth＇s atmosphere. But humans always need to this valuable substance. The production of oil derivatives by means of forest waste and coal through the Fischer-Tropsch process is an appropriate solution for the cleanliness of all parts of the environment. For the production of favorite products by the synthesis of Fischer-Tropsch, the performance of the catalyst under different operating conditions should be predictable. For this reason, in this paper, eight mathematical models were determined for the selectivity of five products of methane, light hydrocarbons, gasoline, diesel and wax based on three factors of reduction temperature, time on stream, and He/CO ratio inlet gas on iron-based catalyst. The results showed that the reduction temperature factor had the most effective on the selectivity of hydrocarbon products, exception diesel, so that the increase of the reduction temperature led to increase of the selectivity of methane, light hydrocarbons, gasoline and reduce of the degree of selectivity of the wax and vice versa. For the diesel selectivity, factor of the He/CO ratio inlet gas was the most effective than other factors.

Pervoskite-type Bao.sSro.sAl0.1Fe0.9O3-δ as Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode

A cobalt-free perovskite-type Ba0.5Sr0.5A10.1Fe0.9O3-δ （BSAF） chemically studied as solid oxide fuel cell （SOFC） cathode. The ductivity, and electrode polarizations in symmetrical cell based is developed and electro- structures, electrical con- on mixed ion conducting electrolyte were investigated, respectively. The temperature dependence of conductivity of BSAF in air shows a typical semiconductor behavior with positive temperature coefficient up to 450℃ where the conductivity reaches 14.0 S/cm while above this temperature the negative temperature coefficient dominates the total conductivity. Electrochemical charac- terizations show desirable polarization resistance of BSAF cathode in a symmetric cell based on mixed ion conducting electrolyte at 650-700℃, A single SOFC with BSAF cathode shows OCV of 1.0 V and maximum output of 420 mW/cm2 at 700 ℃ with humidified hydrogen fuel and static air oxidant.

Characteristic Analysis of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Proton Conducting Ceramic Electrolyte

An electrolyte model for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with proton conducting perovskite electrolyte is developed in this study, in which four types of charge carriers including proton, oxygen vacancy (oxide ion), free electron and electron hole are taken into consideration. The electrochemical process within the SOFC with hydrogen as the fuel is theoretically analyzed. With the present model, the effects of some parameters, such as the thickness of electrolyte, operating temperature and gas composition, on the ionic transport (or gas permeation) through the electrolyte and the electrical performance, i.e., the electromotive force (EMF) and internal resistance of the cell, are investigated in detail. The theoretical results are tested partly by comparing with the experimental data obtained from SrCe0.95M0.05O3-α, (M=Yb, Y) cells.

Study and application on fire extinguishing and preventing with light-paste material for coalmine

For preventing and extinguishing the spontaneous combustion of coal seam, based on the importance for sealing air leakage channels in roadway, developed a material of light-paste for coalmine, and research its ingredient, proportion and performance. The result indicates that the component ratio of the material is which PB exciting agent is 20%, complex reinforcing agent is 2%, complex expansion agent is 1%, and A-material is 77%. The performances of compressive strength, swelling ratio and expansion time are optimum. The light-paste material can effectively seal air leakage channels for preventing and extinguishing the spontaneous combustion of coal seam in coalmine.

制约因素对太阳能利用的影响

本文列举了诸多的制约因素，并分析它们对太阳能利用的影响。

Fundamental study on iron ore sintering new process of flue gas recirculation together with using biochar as fuel

It is of great significance for cleaner production to substitute bio-energy for fossil fuels in iron ore sintering. However, with the replacement ratio increasing, the consistency of heat front and flame front is broken, and the thermal utilizing efficiency of fuel is reduced, which results in the decrease of yield and tumble index of sinter. Circulating flue gas to sintering bed as biochar replacing 40% coke, CO in flue gas can be reused so as to increase the thermal utilizing efficiency of fuels, and the consistency of two fronts is recovered for the circulating flue gas containing certain CO2, H2 O and lower O2, which contributes to increasing the maximum temperature, extending the high temperature duration time of sintering bed, and results in improving the output and quality of sinter. In the condition of circulating 40% flue gas, the sintering with biomass fuels is strengthened, and the sintering indexes with biomass fuel replacing 40% coke breeze are comparative to those of using coke breeze completely.

Physical properties of solid fuel briquettes from bituminous coal waste and biomass

Biomass and bituminous coal fines from four different coalfields were used to produce fuel briquettes. Two physical properties of briquettes, water resistance index and compressive strength were analyzed. The influence of type and quantity of biomass on physical properties was also studied. The results reveal that depending on the mineral content of the coal, the physical properties of the briquettes differ noticeably. The comparison of briquettes with and without biomass showed that the presence of the beet pulp increased CS in all types of coal samples. Samples containing beet pulp had better physical properties than sawdust. Mezino II coal briquettes had highest CS and WRI than the other ones. Calorific value of biomass/Mezino lI coal briquettes was lessened in comparison with raw coal, but it remained in an acceptable range.

Mineral Resources Classification of the State Subsoil Fund

General principles and description of Mineral Resources the United Nations Framework Classification of Mineral Resources. Classification of the State Subsoil Fund of Ukraine are adapted to The system that is used to classify the resources and reserves of all minerals and fuels in Ukraine has been developed and described. The classification system is part of an official procedure determined by the Ukrainian State Commission on Reserves. Following preparation of resource estimates the results that are registered with the State, which maintains an official inventory of all mineral resources.

Fruit Waste and Sugarcane Bagasse as Potential Natural Resources of Mineral and Lipophilic Substances

The objectives of this study were to explore alternatives for using fruit waste and sugarcane bagasse as important sources for new products and potential applications in the food industry. Fast foods are part of modern life, as well as sources for producing biofuels based on biomass. The mineral content and compounds of nutritional interest, such as lipophilic substances, were determined in fruit waste （orange peels, passion fruit, bananas, grapes） and sugarcane bagasse. Significant differences were found in the samples tested, where minerals, such as potassium, nitrogen, zinc and iron, were found in fruit residues （bananas, oranges, passion fruit） and sugarcane bagasse. Banana residues were the most important source of minerals, followed by orange peels. Gas chromatography mass spectrography （GC-MS） analyses of the lipophilic fractions obtained from the plant residues revealed the presence of mostly saturated （palmitic, stearic） and unsaturated （oleic and linoleic） fatty acids, as well as other nutritionally valuable compounds, such as antioxidants （flavones in orange residues）. The residues studied here can be used for future research to optimize pretreatment and hydrolysis of biomass for bioethanol production.