英国燃料贫困治理政策及启示

英国自20世纪90年代即开展燃料贫困治理,形成了较为完备的燃料贫困治理政策体系。英国对燃料贫困的认识是一个逐步深入的过程。最开始从家庭燃料的可负担能力理解燃料贫困,采用燃料支出10%标准识别燃料贫困。随着燃料价格的提高,英国政府逐步认识到燃料贫困并不等同于收入贫困,只有燃料支出高、收入低的家庭才属于燃料贫困家庭,于是开始采用“低收入-高费用”(LIHC)标准识别燃料贫困。之后由于净零碳排放战略的深入实施,英国又意识到提高燃料贫困家庭能效是解决燃料贫困的关键,由此又采用“低收入-低能效”(LILEE)标准来识别燃料贫困。英国政府提出“使尽可能多的燃料贫困家庭在2030年之前达到C级能效标准”的战略目标,并为此出台了提高燃料贫困家庭能效等级、减轻燃料贫困家庭能源费用负担、保护脆弱家庭在能源市场上的权益等方面的政策,以综合治理燃料贫困。中国在2020年底已消除绝对贫困,可以考虑将燃料贫困作为下一阶段贫困治理的目标之一。在“双碳”目标背景下开展燃料贫困治理,对贫困治理与碳减排战略均具有重要意义。建议将燃料贫困治理与碳中和战略有机结合,建立符合中国国情的燃料贫困识别标准,构建多主体、多元化的燃料贫困治理体系。

能源贫困问题的测度方法综述

为了进一步优化我国能源贫困问题度量体系,本文阐述了单一指标法、多维指数法、主观法等常用测度方法的原理和特点。分析认为:现有测度方法存在较多不足,单一指标阈值设定缺乏理论支撑,多维法数据较难获得,主观法具有较强的随意性;为此,需构建多维度能源贫困测度指标和方法,寻找更合理、操作性更强的解决方案。

Fuel Poverty and Comfort in Modern Residential Apartments in Developing Countries： A Case from Jordan

Energy is one of the most important resources in the economy of developing countries. Jordan depends mainly on imported oil and gas at international prices. This creates a heavy burden upon Jordanian national economy, which is reflected in the same time on other sectors of the Jordanian society. The ever increasing fuel prices make it very necessary to look for new renewable energy resources. Jordan as a developing country with its fast growing urban development and construction projects will be studied. It is worthy to study the dynamic relationship between end user, fuel and comfort in the residential sector. Energy is a chronic problem in Jordan, due to lack of non renewable energy resources, the end consumer is influenced by this fact, in achieving his basic energy needs. This study tries to shed light on the fuel poverty line, definitions and parameters of fuel poverty. And to study what has been done in this regard on both international and local level. No studies have been identified in Jordan which, explore the problem of fuel poverty, especially after the vast and recent increase in fuel prices internationally and locally. This study will follow theoretical and field survey to understand the relationship between comfort, energy and building fabric. Method will depend mainly on field survey and statistical data, and necessary measurements, questionnaires will be adopted when necessary to explore comfort levels related to fuel consumption. Summary and recommendations will be concerned with how thermal comfort could be achieved within the ranges of fuel accessibility, building fabric, minimum pollution and cost.

Energy Poverty and UN Development Goals

The importance of energy has been rooted in every aspect of human life. If we have no access to electricity and depend on traditional biomass fuels to meet household energy demands, it will mean we cannot enjoy the modern energy service. With the deepening international understanding of the issue, many countries have been promoting the practice of eliminating energy poverty, and the "universal access to affordable, clean and sustainable energy" has become one of the post 2015 UN development goals.

基于用户可承受能力的清洁取暖技术经济性评价

围绕北方清洁供暖集中和分散两种主要方式,从技术经济环境性等方面进行了量化综合评价,对于集中供暖,地热供暖、先进燃煤锅炉、热电联产既环保又经济;对于分散供暖,先进燃煤炉既环保又经济。在不考虑补贴情况下,借鉴英国燃料贫困标准判断国内城镇居民基本能够承受清洁供暖成本,而农村居民仅可承受清洁燃煤供暖成本。最后,提出进一步结合城乡经济发展水平制定可操作性的清洁取暖政策的建议。