PG9351FA燃气轮机DLN2.0+燃烧室烧穿故障分析

杭州华电半山发电有限公司天然气发电工程的燃气轮机共有18个燃烧室,采用DLN2.0+燃烧器,当机组运行到6 440h时,#13燃烧室火焰筒出现烧穿故障。本文对其原因进行了分析,并提出了建议,可供兄弟电厂参考。

鼓风预混式中餐灶空气-燃气混合室改造实验研究

通过测量改造中餐灶空气-燃气混合室前后的烟气排放物含量,分析比较改造前后烟气排放物含量的变化规律,得到燃气-空气混合室对鼓风预混式中餐灶烟气排放物含量的影响规律。

鼓风预混式中餐灶空气-燃气混合室改造实验研究

通过测量改造中餐灶空气-燃气混合室前后的烟气排放物含量,分析比较改造前后烟气排放物含量的变化规律,得到燃气-空气混合室对鼓风预混式中餐灶烟气排放物含量的影响规律。

Solution of idle LBO problem for high FAR aero combustor

The paper sheds light on the idle lean blow off(LBO)problem for high fuel air ratio(FAR)com⁃bustor,which is impossible to be addressed with traditional aero combustor design.A significant improvement in aero combustor design is required to resolve the idle LBO issue.The authors detailed a practical and efficient solu⁃tion,which not only solved the idle LBO issue but also defined the aero-thermal design for high-FAR combustor.The design will usher in a new era of aero combustor.

环保产品的外观虚拟设计研究

传统环保产品在保证热负荷的前提下难以确保燃油充分,导致排放气体中有害物质含量极大,严重影响自然生态环境。对此利用VRML虚拟设计技术,对环保产品外观进行虚拟设计,保证其具有环保性能。首先利用控制方程建立湍流模型对环保产品燃烧时的各项功率参数进行数值模拟,确定边界条件及物性参数;通过VRML虚拟设计技术建立虚拟坐标空间,录入上述物性参数以及负压封闭燃烧技术和余热回收技术等相关技术规范,设计环保产品的初始虚拟外观;最后利用VRML虚拟建模技术对环保产品虚拟外观结构中燃气室、烟气回收室相关参数进行校正,完成环保产品的外观虚拟设计。

PIV MEASUREMENT FOR SWIRLER FLOW FIELD IN GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR

The characteristics of swirler flow field, including cold flow field and combustion flow field, in gas tur- bine combustor with two-stage swirler are studied by using particle image velocimetry （PIV）. Velocity compo- nents, fluctuation velocity, Reynolds stress and recirculation zone length are obtained, respectively. Influences of geometric parameter of primary hole, arrangement of primary hole, inlet air temperature, first-stage swirler an- gle and fuel/air ratio on flow field are investigated, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the primary recirculation zone lengths of combustion flow field are shorter than those of cold flow field, and the primary reeir- culation zone lengths decrease with the increase of inlet air temperature and fuel/air ratio. The change of the geo- metric parameter of primary hole casts an important influence on the swirler flow field in two-stage swirler com- bustor.

Numerical study of effect of front cavity on hydrogen/air premixed combustion in a micro-combustion chamber

The micro-combustion chamber is the key component for micro-TPV systems. To improve the combustor wall temperature level and its uniformity and efficiency, an improved flat micro-combustor with a front cavity is built, and the combustion performance of the original and improved combustors of premixed H2/air flames under various inlet velocities and equivalence ratios is numerically investigated. The effects of the front cavity height and length on the outer wall temperature and efficiency are also discussed. The front cavity significantly improves the average outer wall temperature, outer wall temperature uniformity, and combustion efficiency of the micro-combustor, increases the area of the high temperature zone, and enhances the heat transfer between the burned blends and inner walls. The micro-combustor with the front cavity length of 2.0 mm and height of 0.5 mm is suitable for micro-TPV system application due to the relatively high outer wall temperature, combustion efficiency, and the most uniform outer wall temperature.

Recent Advances in Flame Tomography

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel fired power plants,a range of new combustion technologies are being developed or refined,including oxy-fuel combustion,co-firing biomass with coal and fluidized bed combustion.Flame characteristics under such combustion conditions are expected to be different from those in normal air fired combustion processes.Quantified flame characteristics such as temperature distribution,oscillation frequency,and ignition volume play an important part in the optimized design and operation of the environmentally friendly power generation systems.However,it is challenging to obtain such flame characteristics particularly through a three-dimensional and non-intrusive means.Various tomography methods have been proposed to visualize and characterize flames,including passive optical tomography,laser based tomography,and electrical tomography.This paper identifies the challenges in flame tomography and reviews existing techniques for the quantitative characterization of flames.Future trends in flame tomography for industrial applications are discussed.

Advances in LES of Two-phase Combustion(Ⅱ) LES of Complex Gas-Particle Flows and Coal Combustion

Large-eddy simulation(LES) is under its rapid development and is recognized as a possible second generation of CFD methods used in engineering.Large-eddy simulation of two-phase flows and combustion is particularly important for engineering applications.Some investigators,including the present authors,give their review on LES of spray combustion in gas-turbine combustors and internal combustion engines.However,up to now only a few papers are related to the state-of-the-art on LES of gas-particle flows and combustion.In this paper a review of the advances in LES of complex gas-particle flows and coal combustion is presented.Different sub-grid scale(SGS) stress models and combustion models are described,some of the main results are summarized,and some research needs are discussed.

Syngas Fuel Combustion in Re-circulating Vortex Combustor

This paper presents results on the combustion of syngas fuel in re-circulating vortex combustor. The combustion stability is achieved through the use of cavities in which recirculation zones of hot products generated by the direct injection of fuel and air are created and acting as a continuous source of ignition for the incoming main fuel-air stream. CFD （computational fluid dynamics） analysis was performed in this study to test the combustion performance and emissions from the vortex trapped combustor using synthetic gas or syngas fuel produced from the gasification process. The flame temperature, the flow field and species concentrations inside the vortex trapped combustor were obtained. Several syngas fuels with different fuel compositions （H2, CO, CH4, CO2, N2 and H20） and lower heating values were tested in this study. The changes on the flame temperature and species concentrations inside the combustor, the emissions of NOx, CO, CO2 at the exit of the combustor, the combustor efficiency and the total pressure drop for syngas fuels are presented in this paper. The effect of H2/CO ratio and the mass fraction of each constituent of syngas fuels and hydrogen-methane fuel mixtures on the combustion and emissions performances were investigated.

Experiment study of optimization on prediction index gases of coal spontaneous combustion

The coal of Anyuan Mine has the characteristic of easy spontaneous combustion. Conventional method is difficult to predict it. Coal samples from this mine were tested in laboratory. The data obtained from laboratory determination were initialized for the value which was defined as "K". The ratio of each index gas and value of "K", and the ratio of combination index gases and value of "K", were analyzed simultaneously. The research results show that for this coal mine, if there is carbon monoxide in the gas sample, the phenomenon of oxidation and temperature rising for coal exists in this mine; if there is C_2H_4 in the gas sample, the temperature of coal perhaps exceeds 130 °C. If the coal temperature is between 35 °C and 130 °C, prediction and forecast for coal spontaneous combustion depend on the value of Φ(CO)/K mainly; if the temperature of coal is between 130 °C and 300 °C, prediction and forecast for coal spontaneous combustion depend on the value of Φ(C_2H_6)/Φ(C_2H_2) and Φ(C_2H_6)/K. The research results provide experimental basis for the prediction of coal spontaneous combustion in Anyuan coal mine, and have better guidance on safe production of this coal mine.

Study on Combustion Performance of the Radial Staged Combustion Chamber with Lobed Nozzles

In order to investigate the effect of the radial gradation of the lobed nozzles on the flow field organization,a cold water model experimental platform for a combustion chamber with radial⁃staged 13-point lobed nozzles is built.Compared with a series of combustion OH*luminescence experiments tested by the University of Cincinnati,the four corresponding working conditions of no load,partial load,cruise and take off are selected.The vortex structure,vorticity value,multi-combustion materiel field and combustion characteristics of the flow field in the radial staged combustion chamber of the lobed nozzles under the equivalence ratio,the fuel injection method,the fuel injection ratio and other factors are numerically studied.The results show that under different influencing factors,the varation trend of the hydroxyl flame field of the lobe combustion chamber is basically the same as that of the hydroxyl light emission experiment of the swirl combustion chamber,but the flame field shape is quite different.The local equivalent ratio has a greater influence on the relevant combustion performance of the combustion chamber.Under the conditions of lower equivalence ratio,three-stage air and fuel injection mode,and gradually transferring the fuel flow of the pilot circuit to the external circuit,the temperature field and flame field of the combustion chamber are more evenly distributed,the outlet temperature field quality is better,the combustion efficiency is higher,and the NO_(X) emission is relatively low.These are basically consistent with the cold test results.The cold experimental results illustrate the importance of the influence of the flow field organization on the combustion organization and verify the reliability of the calculation results.

Effect of Gasoline Property on Formation of Intake Valve and Combustion Chamber Deposits

The cleanliness of gasoline is related to its components and properties.All commercial gasoline builds up deposits on the engine's injector,intake valve and combustion chamber,which can significantly lower the engine performance and influence exhaust gas emissions.In this study,the intake valve deposits (IVD) and combustion chamber deposits (CCD) produced from combustion of fuel containing 21 v%—42 v% of aromatics and 8 v%—31 v% of olefins have been studied using Ford engine tests,and the characteristics of deposits were studied by IR spectroscopy,TGA and elemental analysis instrument.The test results have shown that deposit formation depends on the fuel composition,especially the aromatic content in the fuel.It is also observed that there are differences in the values of IVD and CCD measured by IR spectrometry and elemental analyses.

Practical Paths towards Lowering Black Carbon Emissions

Black carbon （BC） aerosol, accounting for a minor fraction of atmospheric aerosols, is attracting increased attentio1 due to its impact on air quality, human health, and climate change. Focusing on BC emission reduction, this paper give1 a brief introduction to the sources and global distribution of BC. Along with the decrease of BC emissions from sue1 actions as the reduction of global greenhouse gases （GHGs） and regulating local air quality, it also highlights othet BC reduction approaches such as control and improvement of combustion conditions, the elimination of open biomas burning, and the sequestration of BC by biomass pyrolysis. Finally, it is stressed that at this moment there is no enougt reason to push BC reduction into any climate change related negotiations, although BC has been included in some o so-called win-win reduction targets for the quick response to both climate and non-climate appeals.

The Impact of Optimizing Trim on Reducing Fuel Consumption

The shipping industry is one of the biggest industries throughout the ages. Maritime transport plays a vital role in world economy; whereas competition between maritime companies is fierce [1], at the same time agreements of co-operation have taken different forms including alliances and mergers between companies to increase their market share. But competitions still stand despite all alliances even in same market. This intense competition drives companies to attain high level of competitiveness, by monitoring ship＇s operating performance and operating cost, emphasis on improving performance and reduce cost. On other hand new environmental regulations come to light, expansion of ECA （emission control areas）, which lead to significant higher fuel cost when using low sulfur fuel. Since the fuel cost is the largest portion of the operating cost of the vessel, a saving in fuel usage can result in considerable saving in operational costs. Furthermore, fuel saving has environmental benefits in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of trim optimization which considers one of the easiest and cheapest methods for ship performance optimization and fuel consumption reduction trim optimization.

A Novel Approach to Ethanol Fuel Production using Rotary Collection of Forest Debris

In this article, the authors propose the production of ethanol from cellulose as an alternative to oil. Cellulosic-ethanol will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide a means to prevent forest fires. This liquid dense fuel was selected because it： （1） easily transported and dispensed as a fuel; （2） can be handled by the existing fuel distribution infrastructure; and （3） unlike its commercial competitor, Me-OH （Methanol）, Et-OH （Ethanol）, is edible, thus being biodegradable and nontoxic. Forest residue ethanol is cheaper to produce and more environmentally friendly than other forms of ethanol fuel. Furthermore, forests would have less available ground fuel for fires. The potential decline of forest fires would then reduce the carbon footprint attributed directly to forest fires. In combination with ethanol fuel combustion, carbon emissions can be reduced by more than 70% compared to gasoline combustion. We used GREET （Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation） software to assess the life cycles of different fuel pathways. In conclusion, cellulosic ethanol fuel is clearly an answer to decrease dependency on current oil imports and prevent forest fires.

The green fuel from carbon waste： optimization and product selectivity model studies

Increase in greenhouse gases, has made scientists to substitute alternative fuels for fossil fuels. Nowadays, converting biomass into liquid by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a major concern for alternative fuels （gasoline, diesel etc.）. Selectivity of Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon product （green fuel） is an important issue. In this study, the experimental data has been obtained from three factors; temperature, H2/CO ratio and pressure in the fixed bed micro reactor. T = 543-618 （K）, P = 3-10 （bar）, H2/CO = 1-2 and space velocity = 4500 （l/h） were the reactor conditions. The results of product modeling for methane （CH4）, ethane （C2H6）, ethylene （C2H4） and CO conversion with experimental data were compared. The effective parameters and the interaction between them were investigated in the model. H2/CO ratio and pressure and interaction between pressure and H2/CO in ethane selectivity model and CO conversion and interaction between temperature and H2/CO ratio in methane selectivity model and ethylene gave the best results. To determine the optimal conditions for light hydrocarbons, ANOVA and RSM were employed. Finally, products optimization was done and results were concluded.

Impact of renewable power market penetration on coal power generation capacity growth

Since renewable energy sources are growing in importance, how well they can penetrate the energy market for power generation will be a very important factor in the role the coal industry will play in the future. This paper examined the displacement of coal power plant capacity from 2010 to 2050 by renewables with respect to three drivers assumed under various conditions： the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act （ARRA）, Greenhouse Gas （GItG） policy, and varying plant capital cost cases. The results by 2050 illustrate that renewable market penetration captures anywhere from 1.9% to 6.4% of potential coal power generation capacity additions. Renewable power generation capacity additions is expected to outpace coal power plant additions by 89% with respect to ARRA in 2050, however with no GHG policy coal power generation capacity build-outs will outpace renewables by as high as 809%. Finally, coal power generation is still projected to be the largest single energy source contributor to the electricity market making up 28.0% of total available capacity, while renewables are expected to only make up 16.3% of total available capacity.

Simulation of FCV Fuel Consumption Using Stationary PEMFC

In the near future, the use of FCVs （fuel cell vehicles） is expected to help mitigate environmental problems such as exhaustion of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturers publish an FCV＇s specific fuel consumption, but not its dynamic characteristics such as fuel consumption ratio and motor power ratio. Thus, it is difficult to reflect the dynamic characteristics of FCVs in lifecycle system evaluation. To solve this problem, we propose a fuel-consumption simulation method for FCVs using a 1.2 kW stationary PEMFC （proton exchange membrane fuel cell）. In this study, the specific fuel consumption under driving cycles such as the Japanese 10-15 and the JC08 modes are determined and compared with the FCV simulation results obtained using fuel consumption ratios derived from the stationary PEMFC. In the simulation, the specific fuel consumption was found to be 1.16 kg-H2/100-km for the base case under the Japanese 10-15 driving cycle.

The Status Quo and Development Trend of Low-carbon Vehicle Technologies in China

Three types of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China are reviewed. Potential effects are listed for those integrated energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles. Low carbon transitions, including alternative vehicle power train systems and fuels, are discussed on their development status and trends, including life cycle primary fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of each pathway. To further support the low-carbon vehicle technologies development, integrated policies should seek to： （1） employ those integrated energy-saving technologies, （2） apply hybrid electric technology, （3） commercialize electric vehicles through battery technology innovation, （4） support fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen technology R＆D for future potential applications, （5） boost the R＆D of second generation biofuel technology, and （6） conduct further research on applying low-carbon technologies including CO2 capture and storage technology to coal-based transportation solutions.