As a huge,intense,and elevated atmospheric heat source(AHS) approaching the mid-troposphere in spring and summer,the Tibetan Plateau(TP) thermal forcing is perceived as an important factor contributing to the formatio...As a huge,intense,and elevated atmospheric heat source(AHS) approaching the mid-troposphere in spring and summer,the Tibetan Plateau(TP) thermal forcing is perceived as an important factor contributing to the formation and variation of the Asian summer monsoon.Despite numerous studies devoted to determine the strength and change of the thermal forcing of the TP on the basis of various data sources and methods,uncertainties remain in quantitative estimation of the AHS and will persist for the following reasons:(1) Routine meteorological stations cover only limited regions and show remarkable spatial inhomogeneity with most distributed in the central and eastern plateau.Moreover,all of these stations are situated at an altitude below 5000 m.Thus,the large area above that elevation is not included in the data.(2) Direct observations on heat fluxes do not exist at most stations,and the sensible heat flux(SHF) is calculated by the bulk formula,in which the drag coefficient for heat is often treated as an empirical constant without considering atmospheric stability and thermal roughness length.(3) Radiation flux derived by satellite remote sensing shows a large discrepancy in the algorithm in data inversion and complex terrain.(4) In reanalysis data,besides the rare observational records employed for data assimilation,model bias in physical processes induces visible errors in producing the diabatic heating fields.展开更多
Three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models were used to analyse the relative efficiencies of four AIDS treatments in AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) Study 193A(1 309 patients in total, classified into 4 age groups)...Three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models were used to analyse the relative efficiencies of four AIDS treatments in AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) Study 193A(1 309 patients in total, classified into 4 age groups). Results from the output-oriented BCC model show that Treatment 4 ( 600 mg of zidovudine plus 400 mg of didanosine plus 400 mg of nevirapine) is particularly efficient for age group 14—25, but not efficient for the older age groups; Treatment 1 (600 mg of zidovudine alternating monthly with 400 mg of didanosine)and Treatment 2 (600 mg of zidovudine plus 2.25 mg of zalcitabine) are efficient for the age groups 35—45 and 45— ; age group 25—35 does not have a particularly efficient treatment, but Treatments 1 and 2 are relatively good. The cost efficiency BCC model, which takes the treatment cost into account, gives similar results as the output-oriented model. Results from the indirect output-oriented BCC model, which allows the replacement among medicines, show that the efficiency of Treatment 2 has greatly decreased compared with that of the output-oriented model, and a set of optimal medicine amounts for different age groups is obtained.展开更多
In this paper, we present an extended Exp-function method to differential-difference equation（s）. With the help of symbolic computation, we solve discrete nonlinear Schrodinger lattice as an example, and obtain a se...In this paper, we present an extended Exp-function method to differential-difference equation（s）. With the help of symbolic computation, we solve discrete nonlinear Schrodinger lattice as an example, and obtain a series of general solutions in forms of Exp-function.展开更多
We investigate the phenomena of symmetry breaking and phase transition in theground state of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) trapped in a double square well and in an opticallattice well, respectively. By using stand...We investigate the phenomena of symmetry breaking and phase transition in theground state of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) trapped in a double square well and in an opticallattice well, respectively. By using standing-wave expansion method, we present symmetric andasymmetric ground state solutions of nonlinear Schroedinger equation (NLSE) with a symmetric doublesquare well potential for attractive nonlinearity. In particular, we study the ground state wavefunction's properties by changing the depth of potential and atomic interactions (here we restrictourselves to the attractive regime). By using the Fourier grid Hamiltonian method, we also reveal aphase transition of BECs trapped in one-dimensional optical lattice potential.展开更多
We investigate quasi-local energy distribution and thermodynamics of the Reissner-Nordstr6m black hole space-time surrounded by quintessence. We use the quasi-local energy distribution from Einstein energy-momentum co...We investigate quasi-local energy distribution and thermodynamics of the Reissner-Nordstr6m black hole space-time surrounded by quintessence. We use the quasi-local energy distribution from Einstein energy-momentum complex. We plot the variation of the energies, temperature and heat capacity with the state parameter related to the quintessence ωq. We show that due to the presence of quintessence, the total energy of the outer region as well as the temperature and heat capacity decreases with the increase of the density of quintessence, while the total energy of the black hole region increases.展开更多
Integer numbers of natural units （Planck units） to express Newton＇s inverse square law of gravitation in terms of quantum mechanical probabilities are used. The strong nuclear force between two coupled nucleons is ...Integer numbers of natural units （Planck units） to express Newton＇s inverse square law of gravitation in terms of quantum mechanical probabilities are used. The strong nuclear force between two coupled nucleons is derived, the minds of giants such as Newton and Einstein are met. There is a considerable continuing effort directed for the understanding of gravity and the constants of nature, last century＇s legacy of Arthur Stanley Eddington.展开更多
An improved nonlinear Schrodinger equation different from usual one of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs） in an optical lattice are obtained by taking into account a nonlinear term in the equation of motion for...An improved nonlinear Schrodinger equation different from usual one of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs） in an optical lattice are obtained by taking into account a nonlinear term in the equation of motion for probability amplitude of spins carefully. The elliptic function wave solutions of the model are found under specific boundary condition, for example, the two ends of the atomic chain are fixed. In the case of limit the elliptic function wave solutions are reduced into spin-wave-like or solitons.展开更多
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 91337216 and 41175070)and the Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education (Grant KLME1309)
文摘As a huge,intense,and elevated atmospheric heat source(AHS) approaching the mid-troposphere in spring and summer,the Tibetan Plateau(TP) thermal forcing is perceived as an important factor contributing to the formation and variation of the Asian summer monsoon.Despite numerous studies devoted to determine the strength and change of the thermal forcing of the TP on the basis of various data sources and methods,uncertainties remain in quantitative estimation of the AHS and will persist for the following reasons:(1) Routine meteorological stations cover only limited regions and show remarkable spatial inhomogeneity with most distributed in the central and eastern plateau.Moreover,all of these stations are situated at an altitude below 5000 m.Thus,the large area above that elevation is not included in the data.(2) Direct observations on heat fluxes do not exist at most stations,and the sensible heat flux(SHF) is calculated by the bulk formula,in which the drag coefficient for heat is often treated as an empirical constant without considering atmospheric stability and thermal roughness length.(3) Radiation flux derived by satellite remote sensing shows a large discrepancy in the algorithm in data inversion and complex terrain.(4) In reanalysis data,besides the rare observational records employed for data assimilation,model bias in physical processes induces visible errors in producing the diabatic heating fields.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 10571134)
文摘Three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models were used to analyse the relative efficiencies of four AIDS treatments in AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) Study 193A(1 309 patients in total, classified into 4 age groups). Results from the output-oriented BCC model show that Treatment 4 ( 600 mg of zidovudine plus 400 mg of didanosine plus 400 mg of nevirapine) is particularly efficient for age group 14—25, but not efficient for the older age groups; Treatment 1 (600 mg of zidovudine alternating monthly with 400 mg of didanosine)and Treatment 2 (600 mg of zidovudine plus 2.25 mg of zalcitabine) are efficient for the age groups 35—45 and 45— ; age group 25—35 does not have a particularly efficient treatment, but Treatments 1 and 2 are relatively good. The cost efficiency BCC model, which takes the treatment cost into account, gives similar results as the output-oriented model. Results from the indirect output-oriented BCC model, which allows the replacement among medicines, show that the efficiency of Treatment 2 has greatly decreased compared with that of the output-oriented model, and a set of optimal medicine amounts for different age groups is obtained.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10671121
文摘In this paper, we present an extended Exp-function method to differential-difference equation（s）. With the help of symbolic computation, we solve discrete nonlinear Schrodinger lattice as an example, and obtain a series of general solutions in forms of Exp-function.
文摘We investigate the phenomena of symmetry breaking and phase transition in theground state of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) trapped in a double square well and in an opticallattice well, respectively. By using standing-wave expansion method, we present symmetric andasymmetric ground state solutions of nonlinear Schroedinger equation (NLSE) with a symmetric doublesquare well potential for attractive nonlinearity. In particular, we study the ground state wavefunction's properties by changing the depth of potential and atomic interactions (here we restrictourselves to the attractive regime). By using the Fourier grid Hamiltonian method, we also reveal aphase transition of BECs trapped in one-dimensional optical lattice potential.
文摘We investigate quasi-local energy distribution and thermodynamics of the Reissner-Nordstr6m black hole space-time surrounded by quintessence. We use the quasi-local energy distribution from Einstein energy-momentum complex. We plot the variation of the energies, temperature and heat capacity with the state parameter related to the quintessence ωq. We show that due to the presence of quintessence, the total energy of the outer region as well as the temperature and heat capacity decreases with the increase of the density of quintessence, while the total energy of the black hole region increases.
文摘Integer numbers of natural units （Planck units） to express Newton＇s inverse square law of gravitation in terms of quantum mechanical probabilities are used. The strong nuclear force between two coupled nucleons is derived, the minds of giants such as Newton and Einstein are met. There is a considerable continuing effort directed for the understanding of gravity and the constants of nature, last century＇s legacy of Arthur Stanley Eddington.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10474022
文摘An improved nonlinear Schrodinger equation different from usual one of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs） in an optical lattice are obtained by taking into account a nonlinear term in the equation of motion for probability amplitude of spins carefully. The elliptic function wave solutions of the model are found under specific boundary condition, for example, the two ends of the atomic chain are fixed. In the case of limit the elliptic function wave solutions are reduced into spin-wave-like or solitons.
