“玉米-牛/羊-蚯蚓-鸡-肥”种养结合循环型绿色农业技术规范

从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、模式循环流程图、模式构成要素、关键技术集成方案、质量控制准则、模式动态平衡循环参数、模式特点、模式效益评价等方面规范了"玉米-牛/羊-蚯蚓-鸡-肥"种养结合循环型绿色农业技术。

猪、牛、羊和禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验研究要点

抗蠕虫药是指能杀灭或驱除人和动物寄生蠕虫的药物,市场需求巨大。为满足兽药行业发展和寄生虫病防控的实际需要,农业农村部兽药评审中心根据抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验评审现状,充分借鉴兽用药品注册技术要求国际协调会(International Coordination on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medical Products,VICH)的兽药研究指导原则和技术评审要求,组织制订了《猪/牛/羊/禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验技术指导原则》,科学指导抗蠕虫药研发和评审工作,促进兽药行业高质量发展。本文从《猪/牛/羊/禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验技术指导原则》的制订思路和主要内容,科学、系统阐述猪/牛/羊/禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性研究的要点,以期为抗蠕虫药物的研发、申报注册和技术评审提供科学指导和依据。

HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES IDENTIFYING MAST CELLS IN PIG,CATTLE AND SHEEP

Carnoy′s fluid and neutral buffered formalin(NBF)have been proved to be good fixatives for preservation of mast cells in pig,cattle and sheep except NBF blocked staining of most porcine mast cells,especially those located in intestinal mucosa(MMC)and in thymus medulla(TMMC). Both toluidine blue and Alcian blue were the excellent stains generally,but Alcian blue stained more porcine mast cells than did toluidine blue( P <0 01). Staining with toluidine blue of a wide pH range(from 0 1 to 7 0)showed that porcine mast cells were not very pH dependent,but the dye at pH 0 5 seemed to have the strongest affinity for all mast cells in pigs and it was also suitable for bovine and ovine mast cell staining. In the three species,unlike in rodents,the Alcian blue method did not distinguish between mast cells in the intestinal mucosa(MMC)and those in the connective tissue of the intestinal submucosa,tongue and skin(CTMC). Porcine CTMC,but not MMC,fluoresced strongly when stained with berberine sulphate or with a mixture of berberine sulphate and acridine orange. It suggested that porcine CTMC contained heparin proteoglycan.

Vigilance behavior of Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica:Effect of sex and position in the herd

The Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is a mountain-dwelling ungulate with an extensive presence in open areas. Optimal group size results from the trade off between advantages （a reduction in the risk of predation） and disadvantages （competition between members of the herd） of group living. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of group living may vary depending on the position of each individual within the herd. Our objective was to study the effect of central vs. peripheral position in the herd on feeding and vigilance behavior in male and female Pyrenean chamois and to ascertain if a group size effect existed. We used focal animal sampling and recorded social interactions when a focal animal was involved. With males, vigilance rate was higher in the central part of the group than at the periphery, probably due to a higher density of animals in the central part of the herd and a higher probability of being disturbed by conspecifics. With females, vigilance rate did not differ according to position in the herd. Females spent more time feeding than males, and males showed a higher frequency of the vigilance behavior than females. We did not observe a clear relationship between group size and vigilance behavior. The differences in vigilance behavior might be due to social interactions

A Zooarchaeological Study on the Origins of Animal Domestication in Ancient China

A series of criteria such as morphological metrics, pathology, age structure, sex ratios, relative proportions, archaeological phenomena, diet analysis, and DNA studies are established for identifying the origins of domestic animals in ancient China in a scientific way. Using these criteria, it is established that the earliest domestic dog has been found in southern Hebei Province(ca. 10,000 BP), and the earliest domestic pig in southern Henan Province(ca. 9000 BP). Domestic sheep have been found in the Gansu–Qinghai region dating from 5600–5000 BP, and domestic cattle in eastern Gansu Province(ca. 5000 BP). Domestic horses from the period 4000–3600 BP have been discovered in eastern Gansu, and domestic chickens have been identified from sites in eastern Henan Province dating to ca. 3300 BP. Although the locations and time of the origins of animal domestication vary, they are mostly located in northern China.

Microbial Aspects in Comparing Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Vacuum Packaging on Shelf Life of Fresh Bull Meat

The importance of meat preservation and various reports on different types of packaging, and to compare the effects of modified atmosphere packaging （MAP） and vacuum packaging （VP） on shelf life of flesh bull meat, and microbiological tests on meat together with some chemical and sensory tests was on tight observation. It was an experimental study, 96 samples were randomly packaged in two groups of MAP and VP equally. The package consists of five layers which are Polyvinylidin Chloride （PVDC）, Ethyl Vinyl Alcohol （EVOH）, Poly Ethylene （PE）, Linear Low Density Poly Ethylene （LLDPE）, and poly Amid （PA）, respectively. MAP meat with 700 mL of CO2 per kg of meat. The packaging were made in at-ameh-pars factory and transported in chilled condition to a well prepared refrigerator in National Research Institute of Food Science （NRIFS） of Shahidbeheshti University of Medical Sciences. These samples tested weekly, since first day after packaging, and week 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Microbial tests include Total Microbial, Coliform, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Pseudomonas Counts, and Clostridium. Chemical and sensory tests also carried out. Total volatile bases （TVN）, TBA, and pH as chemical analyses and color, odor, and weep as sensory analyses are also added. Results revealed that total microbial count was in standard range within the 6 weeks for VP, and 5 weeks for MAP technique. Other microbial factors including coliforms, lactic acid bacteria are less and somehow in chemical and sensory tests emphasized the microbial figures. recommended for meat packaging. similar pattern to total count, and no clostridia were found. By the way, The results showed that according to our existing facilities, VP is

Comparison the Genetic Potential of Some Growth ＆ Milk Trait, s of Hybrid （Crossed） Saanen with Native Goat （Lori Black Goat） versus Native Goats in Qom Province

The performance of some growth and milk traits of selected Qomi native （Lori black） goats and hybrids of saanen with native goats during 2008-2010 was compared. Growth traits include birth weight （BW）, one-month weight （1 MW）, weaning weight （WW） and 6-month weight （6 MW）. Also the milk production traits was monthly milk production on 2, 3, 4, 5th months （quantitative traits） and some milk composition included dry matter （%DM）, fat （%F）, and protein （%P） percentage on during of production （qualitative traits）. There were no significant differences in sex, birth type and genetic group for BW. Also the effect of genetic groups on 1 MW, WW, and 6 MW was significant, while effects of sex and birth type on 1 MW, WW and 6 MW was not significant. Also MW （Mothe＇s weight） had no significant effect on BW, 1 MW, WW and 6 MW. The average of daily milk records was 0.48 kg for nativel and 1.1 kg for crossed goats. The maximum monthly milk records in two groups were in second month （native： 0.64 -4- 0.05, crossed： 1.44 ~： 0.12） and the minimum were in fifth month （native： 0.36 ＋ 0.03, crossed： 0.77 -4- 0.05）. %DM, %F and %P in 5th month were higher than other months in two groups. Effects of genetic groups on milk production and also on average of%F, %DM and %P were significant. This study showed that the crossbreeding has a significant effect on most milk production and growth traits in Iranian native goats.

Fatty Acids and Triglycerides Composition in Uruguayan Cow, Sheep and Goat Cheeses

Adverse health consequences are associated with consumption of so-called trans fatty acids （FAs） generated during chemical hydrogenation processes. Naturally-occurring trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid （TVA） derived from a conjugated isomer of linoleic acid （18：2 cis-9, trans-11）, （CLA） in contrast, are recognized as having potentially beneficial effects on human health. These natural trans FAs are found in fat from dairy products and meat of ruminants, and have distinct effects compared with trans FAs industrially produced. The lipid composition of cheeses depends on the milk used. In this work was determined CLA and TVA content in milk fat of sheep and cow to be 1.4% and 3.2%, respectively, and from goat, 0.7% and 1.8%. Also, differences in CLA and TVA content were found in fat extracted from samples of the same cheese type made from cow＇s milk from the same company but with different production dates during a year. The levels of CLA and TVA found in Uruguayan cheeses were generally higher than levels reported in previous studies with comparable cheeses produced in other countries. Milk fat is well-known to confer specific properties to foods. This in turn will affect the rheology and sensory attributes as food. For this reason, it is of interest to determine the triglyceride （TAG） composition in milk-derived foods. Results show that there are characteristic differences in the TAG composition of the different cheeses. We found minimal differences between cheeses from goat and sheep but found distinct characteristics for TAGs from cow milk-derived cheese.

Fermented Goat Milk and Cow Milk Produced by Different Starters of Lactic Acid Bacteria： Quality Studies

Lactic acid bacteria （LAB） is widely used as culture starters in dairy fermentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of fermented goat milk and cow milk, as well as the viability of LAB in the same products. Fermentations were performed with pasteurized goat milk or cow milk added with skim milk （18% of solids） using three separately different starters; yoghurt starter （a combination of Streptococcus thermophilus FNCC-0040 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus FNCC-0041）, single starter of Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC-0029 and Lactobacillus casei FNCC-0051. The parameters observed were pH, acidity, nutritional quality including protein, fat and lactose content and product＇s viscosity. Acidity, pH and viability of LAB were also monitored during storage at refrigerated temperature （4 ℃） for 28 days. Results show that the different LAB starters did not affect the pH, acidity, lactose and protein content. Differences on LAB starters affected fat content and viscosity. The highest score of viscosity （30.00 Pa.s ± 7.02 Pa.s） was observed on products fermented by yoghurt starters, followed by products obtained using starter of L. acidophilus （17.7 ±11.4） and L. casei （8.62 ±0.35）. Protein content, acidity, pH and viscosity were not significantly different between products obtained from goat milk and cow milk. Fat content in fermented goat milk was higher （5.03% ±0.62%） than in fermented cow milk （3.52% ±0.37%）, however, lactose content was higher in fermented cow milk （5.16% ±0.40%） than in fermented goat milk （4.53% ±0.35%）. Total LAB concentration in fermented cow milk during storage was 8.03± 0.52 logt0 cfu/mL, while in fermented goat milk was 7.81 loglo cfu/mL ± 0.67 loglo cfu/mL. There was a 10.83% decrease in LAB viability in fermented cow milk and 11.40% in fermented goat milk after 28 days of storage. In conclusion, quality of fermented milk is affected by the starters applied, raw milk source and storage period.

Sarah Palin and the Rhetoric of Victimage： From Pit Bull to Victim

This study argues that the 2008 presidential campaign provided a setting in which Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin began using the rhetoric of victimage——presenting herself as the victim of unfair media coverage. This study analyzes Palin＇s rhetoric using a three-step approach to Burke＇s concept of victimage： （1） identification of self as victim, （2） identification of a scapegoat who can be blamed for the victim＇s problems, and （3） catharsis or tragic dignification. The results of the analysis indicated that Palin＇s rhetorical strategy emerged during the 2008 election and was fully functional by the time she resigned as Alaska Governor in July 2009. Eventually, victimage rhetoric became her most constant rhetorical theme. Her approach was only partially successful, increasing her positive image among Republicans but contributing to a negative image among Democrats and independents.

Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Streptococcus spp. Isolated from Ewe＇s Milk

The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus spp. isolated from fresh ewe＇s milk and consequently to draw conclusions concerning the health condition of the animal flocks and the current trends of antibiotic use in small ruminants. A total of 77 mountainous sheepfolds were investigated representing 10% of all transhumant sheep and goats flocks in the area. Duplicate milk samples were collected from January to February transferred to the laboratory and analyzed for the presence of Streptococcus spp. by using the serial dilution method and plating on the surface of Slanetz and Bartley agar. The isolates were tested against nine antimicrobial agents with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results showed that Streptococcus spp. occurred in 84.4% of the samples and in counts ranged between 1.8 log CFU/mL and 4.6 log CFU/mL. Concerning susceptibility, only 1.3% of the isolates were resistant to all antimicrobials while 27.3% were fully susceptible. Resistance to cefepime was the most common （93.1%） observation followed by resistance to ampicillin （82.1%）, ciprofloxacine （58.3%） and meropenem （51.9%）. The isolates were vancomycin susceptible at a rate of 83.6%. Multidrug resistance to at least three antibiotics was observed to be 22.1% of Streptococcus spp.. Given the prevalence of Streptococcus spp. and the elevated resistance of isolates to various antibiotics it is concluded that further examinations and even interventions are required in order to pertain the appropriate animal health and milk quality.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GUT SUTURE, HUMAN AMNION COLLAGEN, BOVINE SKIN COLLAGEN AND VICRYL SUTURE IMPLANTS IN RATS

This study compares the persistence and histological characteristics of gut suture with those of human amnion collagen, bovine collagen, and Vicryl suture implants in rats. Gut suture and human amnion collagen more resembled living tissue than did bovine collagen and were characterized by their cel1ularity and the presence of numerous capillaries. The Vicryl suture implants were quickly absorbed. Picrosirius polarization revealed the synthesis of host collagen by rat fibroblasts which immigrated into the gut suture and human amnion collagen implants. The authors suggest the potential of gut suture as a soft tissue substitute to improve linear skin contour deficits.