基于改进YOLO v3模型的挤奶奶牛个体识别方法

为实现无接触、高精度养殖场环境下奶牛个体的有效识别,提出了基于改进YOLO v3深度卷积神经网络的挤奶奶牛个体识别方法。首先,在奶牛进、出挤奶间的通道上方安装摄像机,定时、自动获取奶牛背部视频,并用视频帧分解技术得到牛背部图像;用双边滤波法去除图像噪声,并用像素线性变换法增强图像亮度和对比度,通过人工标注标记奶牛个体编号;为适应复杂环境下的奶牛识别,借鉴Gaussian YOLO v3算法构建了优化锚点框和改进网络结构的YOLO v3识别模型。从89头奶牛的36790幅背部图像中,随机选取22074幅为训练集,其余图像为验证集和测试集。识别结果表明,改进YOLO v3模型的识别准确率为95.91%,召回率为95.32%,m AP为95.16%,Io U为85.28%,平均帧率为32 f/s,识别准确率比YOLO v3高0.94个百分点,比Faster R-CNN高1.90个百分点,检测速度是Faster R-CNN的8倍,背部为纯黑色奶牛的F1值比YOLO v3提高了2.75个百分点。本文方法具有成本低、性能优良的特点,可用于养殖场复杂环境下挤奶奶牛个体的实时识别。

看望牛奶奶

夏日,太阳火辣辣地烤着大地。小马来到小兔家,说:“我们不是约好一起去看望牛奶奶吗?走吧。”小兔吹着电风扇说:“天气这么热,我们还是改天去吧。”小马有些失望,只好独自向小猪家赶去。

热应激条件下降低日粮粗蛋白含量和添加瘤胃保护赖氨酸对高产奶牛生产性能的影响

观察降低日粮蛋白质(CP)和添加瘤胃保护赖氨酸(RPLys)对奶牛产奶量和奶组成的影响。60头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4个试验组:饲喂18%CP和0.82%Lys的日粮为对照组,16.0%CP和0.65%Lys为试验1组,16.0%CP和0.85%Lys为试验2组,16.0%CP和1.05%Lys为试验3组。添加的Lys为瘤胃保护赖氨酸(RPLys),4个日粮配方用相同瘤胃未降解蛋白质来平衡。所有试验奶牛先饲喂2周试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始10周正试期。试验期间,最低和最高平均环境温度分别为(29.3±0.17)℃和(38.1±0.31)℃;最低和最高平均温湿度指数(THI)分别为73.7±0.30和83.7±0.21。对照组产奶量平均为(31.55±0.9)kg/d,与试验2组和3组的产奶量相似(P>0.05);对照组产奶量比试验1组高1.2 kg/d(P<0.05)。因此,如果奶牛日粮考虑代谢蛋白质(MP)的数量和质量,16%CP日粮在产奶后期和热应激条件下可以维持产奶量。RPLys添加到16%CP日粮改进MP质量,提高奶产量。血液葡萄糖、NEFA和BUN含量可能作为瘤胃微生物发酵和奶牛机体内牛奶合成所需均衡养分的参数。

日粮赖氨酸含量对奶牛产奶性能的影响

试验选取40头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4个试验组,每组10头奶牛。试验1组的日粮为14.1%粗蛋白质(CP)和0.60%赖氨酸(Lys),试验2组为14.1%CP和0.45%Lys,试验3组12.6%CP和0.58%Lys及试验4组12.5%CP和0.44%Lys。所有试验奶牛先饲喂10d试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始70d正试期。试验结果表明:试验1组产奶量平均为(22.26±1.50)kg/d,与试验3组([21.98±2.18)kg/d](P>0.05);试验1组和3组产奶量均高于试验2组和4组(P<0.05);试验2组产奶量([20.83±1.57)kg/d]略高于4组([20.15±1.71)kg/d],差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,奶牛日粮蛋白质从14.1%适当降到12.6%,日粮赖氨酸水平保持在0.60%,奶牛产奶量不受影响,乳蛋白含量有上升趋势;奶牛日粮赖氨酸从0.60%降到0.45%,无论日粮蛋白质水平是否变化,奶牛产奶量下降。

降低日粮蛋白质含量和添加瘤胃保护Lys对高产奶牛生产性能的影响

将60头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4个试验组:饲喂18%CP和0.82%Lys的日粮为对照组,16.0%CP和0.65%Lys的为试验1组,16.0%CP和0.85%Lys的为试验2组及16.0%CP和1.05%Lys的为试验3组。添加的Lys为瘤胃保护赖氨酸(RPLys),4个日粮配方用相同瘤胃未降解蛋白质来平衡。所有试验奶牛先饲喂2周试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始10周正试期。试验期间,对照组产奶量平均为(31.55±0.9)kg/d,与试验2组和3组的产奶量相似([31.01±0.6)kg/dvs(31.03±0.7)kg/d(]P>0.05);对照组产奶量比试验1组高1.2kg/d(P<0.05)。因此,如果奶牛日粮考虑代谢蛋白质(MP)的数量和质量,16%CP日粮在产奶后期可以维持产奶量。RPLys添加到16%CP日粮中改进MP质量,提高奶产量。

湿啤酒渣组合对经产奶牛产奶性能的影响

本研究采用湿啤酒渣、饲料枣和大豆皮3种组合替代部分玉米-豆粕型日粮测定奶牛产奶性能的影响效果。40头产奶日期相近(112.4±12.17 DIM)的经产荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4个试验组,玉米-豆粕型日粮的对照组粗蛋白质(CP)为13.94%、产奶净能(NEl)7.24 MJ/kg和赖氨酸(Lys)0.58%,试验1组到3组依次为饲料枣和大豆皮组合、湿啤酒渣和饲料枣组合及湿啤酒渣、饲料枣和大豆皮组合。结果表明,试验3组产奶量平均为27.75 kg/d,略高于与对照组(27.20 kg/d)和试验2组(27.25 kg/d),高于试验1组产奶量(26.65 kg/d),但差异不显著(P>0.05);试验3组血液生化指标中仅血尿素氮(4.42 mmol/L)明显低于试验1组(5.26 mmol/L)(P<0.05);试验3组和2组的产奶纯收入最高,试验1组和对照组的最低(P<0.05)。日粮粗蛋白质水平保持在13.9%条件下,添加湿啤酒渣和饲料枣的快速降解非纤维碳水合化物和降解蛋白质可以弥补日粮中赖氨酸浓度的不足,湿啤酒渣组合有助于提高产奶量,增加产奶纯收入。

不同豆粕添加量的日粮对奶牛产奶性能的影响

将40头荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为4个试验组,每组10头。4种试验日粮均配制成蛋白质（CP）含量15.2%、产奶净能（NEL）6.90~7.06 MJ/kg。日粮通过调节豆粕和棉籽粕的用量改变日粮赖氨酸（Lys）含量,这样试验1组日粮赖氨酸含量为0.65%、试验2组0.62%、试验3组0.59%和试验4组0.56%。所有试验奶牛先饲喂10 d试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始70 d正试期。试验1组产奶量最高,平均为（27.13±1.53）kg/d;试验4组产奶量最低,平均为（24.40±1.56）kg/d;试验2组和3组依次为（26.18±1.37）和（25.27±1.58）kg/d;其中试验1组产奶量明显高于试验3组（P〈0.01）和试验4组（P〈0.01）,试验2组明显高于试验4组（P〈0.05）。因此,在日粮蛋白质含量保持相同和产奶净能相近的条件下,提高日粮赖氨酸含量则提高了奶牛产奶量,降低日粮赖氨酸含量则降低了奶牛产奶量;大量使用棉籽粕替代豆粕降低日粮赖氨酸含量,导致产奶量降低;尽管日粮赖氨酸含量容易提高奶牛日粮成本,由于提高产奶量,增加了产奶纯收入。使用日粮赖氨酸含量这一指标有利于评价奶牛产奶量、乳成分和经济效益。

添加饲料枣、大豆皮或鲜啤酒渣对奶牛产奶性能的影响

将40头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4个试验组,每组10头奶牛。试验1组的日粮为13.9%粗蛋白质(CP)、产奶净能(NEL)7.23 MJ/kg和0.58%赖氨酸(Lys),添加饲料枣、大豆皮或新鲜啤酒渣,试验2组～4组为CP13.9%、NEL 7.02 MJ/kg和依次0.54%、0.52%0、.52%Lys。所有试验奶牛先饲喂10 d试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始70 d正试期。试验4组产奶量平均为(27.75±1.31)kg/d,略高于试验1组[(27.20±0.69)kg/d]和试验3组[(27.25±0.87)kg/d](P>0.05);试验2组产奶量略有下降[(26.65±0.64)kg/d],但差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,日粮CP水平保持在13.9%条件下,适当降低日粮赖氨酸含量,饲料枣和新鲜啤酒渣的快速降解非纤维碳水合化物和瘤胃降解蛋白质弥补了日粮中Lys含量的不足,产生氨基酸节省效应(amino acid-spare effect),有助于提高产奶量,增加产奶纯收入。分别添加饲料枣、新鲜啤酒渣和混合添加饲料枣、大豆皮、新鲜啤酒渣的低成本日粮有利于提高奶牛产奶量、乳成分和经济效益。

反刍动物专用菌源酶蛋白1026在奶牛饲料中的应用研究

菌源酶蛋白1026(反刍专用)是陕西户县若翰生物饲料公司研制的新饲料产品,研究其在产奶奶牛饲料中的应用,探究其对奶牛产奶性能的影响是本次实验的目的。试验设计选择胎次、产犊日期和泌乳量接近、体重相当(600±50kg)的健康黑白花奶牛15头,随机分为3组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组。对照组奶牛饲喂奶牛场原产奶牛精料补充料,试验1组用对照组精料补充料90%加菌源酶蛋白10%混匀作为精料补充料、试验2组用菌源酶蛋白15%取代原配方中5%棉粕和10%的麸皮作为精料补充料。预试期7d,正试期30d。正试期逐头记录奶量和奶牛发病情况。乳成分测定分别采集3组试验第1d、第15d、第30d各组混合乳样。试验表明,菌源酶蛋白1026应用在奶牛饲料上,能提高奶牛产奶量,增强消化吸收功能,提高饲料利用率,有较高推广价值。

Effects of Herbal Feed Additive on Milk Production of Dairy Cows

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the herbal feed additive Zengrujianniusan on the milk production of dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-two black-white lactating cows were randomly divided into four groups, and were fed with forage supplemented with 0 （control group）, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan for 60 d. During this period, the contents of fat, protein and non-fat solid in milk were measured every 20 d. [Result] The milk production of the cows whose forage was added with 0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan was 4.02%, 12.50%, 14.00% higher than that of the control （P〉0.05）. The herbal feed additive had no significant influence on the contents of fat, milk and non-fat solid in milk, but significantly reduced the number of somatic cells. [Conclusion] The study will provide reference for developing feed additives which is safe and non-toxic to cows and their milk.

Effect of daidzein on milk yield,components of milk and hormones in serum of dairy cows

Four Holstein dairy cows in the 7th month of late lactation were sampled, and self-control method was used. Daidzein was added to the concentrated feed at the dose of 10mg/kg during the treatment stage. Results showed that daidzein lessened the declining tendency of milk yield in late lactation and increased the milk yield to some extents. Lactoprotein was evidently increased (P<0.01), while milkfat was not affected evidently. The level of T4 in serum was evidently increased (P<0.05); the levels of GH, PRL, E2 and TSH in serum were prone to rising while T3 was prone to decreasing . It was concluded that daidzein could indirectly affect milk yield and components of milk by regulating the levels of intrinsic hormones.

Milk Quality in Dual Purpose Cattle with Hand or Machine Milking

To evaluate and improve the milk quality in dual purpose cattle with hand or machine milking, a good management and sanitary program was implemented （GMSP） in 40 farms. Was obtained a diagnostic by an interview and in situ evaluation of management conditions and milk samples for laboratory analysis integrating the platform and microbiological counts, before and after of GMSP. The changes achieved were no significant （P 〉 0.05） for pH and density, but alcohol and foreign material were positive modified （P 〈 0.05） by GMSP in both hand and machine milking. The quantities of sediments were decreased （P 〈 0.05） in more than 50.0%. Decrease （P 〈 0.05） was observed in the counts of CFU mL1 （colony forming unitsl） in aerobic mesophilic, coliforms, Salmonella ssp. and Staphylococcus aureus with the GMSP. After GMSP Salmonella ssp. incidence was affected （P 〈 0.05） by hand （55.5%） vs. machine （61.5%） milking type; coliforms count and positive incidence in milk were affected （P 〈 0.05） in hand （81.5%） vs. machine （53.9%）. Therefore it was confirmed that the implementation of adequate sanitary and management practices, in both hand and machine milking, decreased the presence and incidence of microorganisms in milk with potential to produce disease in animals and humans.

Obtaining Cheese with Milk Mixture and Inca Peanut （Plukenetia Volubilis）

The Inca peanut, a plant native to the Peruvian Amazon, has an important nutritional contribution to 53% oil and 33% protein [ 1, 2], high content of Omega 3 and 6, Vitamin E. Recent research suggests the nutritional and therapeutic significance of consumption for the control of free radicals [3], being an alternative food to reduce nutritional deficiencies of macro and micronutrients in the diet. The results show that the cheese made from a mixture of milk and Inca peanut （70：20 v/v） 0.15 M of Ca sulphate is of firm consistency, with a clotting time of 9 min and yields 14.56% at 80 ℃, is similar to fresh milk cheese sensory characteristics determined by the test of acceptability. Respect to nutrition cheeses present values of protein and fat （16.3% and, 25.05%, respectively）. Sensory evaluation process cheese 70：30 v/v showed an acceptance of 67% relative to a commercial cheese. The texture profile of the finished product, applying a deformation of 30%, have hardness values for 1.88 N, elasticity 0.08, cohesiveness 0.86, adhesiveness 0.36, gumminess 1.62 and chewiness 0.13.

Effects of Feeding Siamese neem leaves and Zanthoxylum Pods, on Dry Matter Intake, Dry Matter Digestibility, Milk Production and Composition in Thai Holstein Dairy Cows, Fed Rice Straw as Fiber Source

The plant secondary metabolites （PSM） are highly sought compounds for use as an alternative to conventionally used feed additives in animal production these days; Siamese neem leaf （Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var. siamenses Valeton） and Zanthoxylum pods （Zanthoxylum piperatum） are known to contain numerous such compounds.The objectives of this study were to determine effects of feeding Siamese neem leaf and Zanthoxylum pods as feed additives on dry matter intake （DMI）, dry matter digestibility （DMD） and milk production and milk composition. Lactating Thai Holstein cows （n = 8） were arranged in two replicates of 4 x 4 Latin square designs, housed in individual stall, treatments consisted of Siamese neem 0.5 and 1.5 g kgl dry matter （DM）, ZanthoxylumO. 1 and 0.5 g kg1 DM added to the total mixed ration （TMR）. TMRand drinking water were provided ad lib. There were no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） in DMI and crude protein （CP）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） digestibility, milk production and composition among the treatments.However, significant difference （P 〈 0.05） was observed in dry matter （DM） and ether extract （EE） digestibility. Though statistically non-significant, Zanthoxylum at higher dose level tended to show low DMI （14.85 kg） in cows, while promotingmarginally higher milk （14.18 kg） production as compared with lower dose levelwhere DMI and milk production were 16.14 kg and 13.83 kg.This indicated that Zanthoxylum has a potential to improve feed digestion in dairy cows when used as additives.

Incidence of Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Cow Milk Produced by Cattle Farms in Fieri Region in Albania

One hundred and five raw cow milk samples were collected from cattle farms located in Fieri from 2007 to 2009 and have been analyzed for presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Nineteen samples were confirmed positive for the presence of this pathogen. Stapylococcus aureus isolates identified appeared typically and atypically characteristics of growth colonies in Baird Parker agar plates at 37°C for 24-48 h. 6 out of 19 strains showed typical characteristics and 13 out 19 （68%） isolates had atypical characteristics. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus was found in 18% （1911 05） of fresh milk samples. Milk produced by cows with subclinical mastitis largely influences Staphylococcus aureus count of bulk tank milk than contamination of milking and milk handling equipment by this pathogen. All S. aureus isolates were coagulase positive. 5 （or about 25%） of isolates of S. aureus identified were resistant to penicillin, 7 out 19 isolates or 36% resistant to methicilin and 9 out 19 strains or 47% resistant to vancomycin. Another objective of this study was the evaluation of the number of S. aureus per mL raw milk. The results confirmed that II （57.8%） out of 19 positive cases had more than 100 cfu/mL, indicating a possible risk for intoxication caused by production of entertoxines of coagulase positive S. aureus.

Milk Production Practices on Family Farms Located North of the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil

In Brazil, milk production is a key sector for income generation, tax collection and much of the milk produced comes from family farms. The present study was aimed to assess the conditions of milk production on 30 farms in the city of S~ Mateus, to the North of the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Data were obtained through questionnaires sent to producers according to the legislation of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. The questions included type of milking, hygiene practices and health status of milkers, mastitis control and source and others. Milking was manually done in all farms, and only 40,0% of milkers washed their hands and forearms before milking, and 13.0% used antiseptic solutions after washing. None of the farms performed the pre-dipping and post-dipping procedures. Control of mastitis was not performed in 94.0% of the farms and none of them performed the CMT test. A high degree of non-conformity was observed in the family farms. These data demonstrate the need for training farmers in good agricultural practices. This would contribute to achieving better quality milk, and ensure the sustainability of the segment in the Northern region of the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil.

Comparison the Genetic Potential of Some Growth ＆ Milk Trait, s of Hybrid （Crossed） Saanen with Native Goat （Lori Black Goat） versus Native Goats in Qom Province

The performance of some growth and milk traits of selected Qomi native （Lori black） goats and hybrids of saanen with native goats during 2008-2010 was compared. Growth traits include birth weight （BW）, one-month weight （1 MW）, weaning weight （WW） and 6-month weight （6 MW）. Also the milk production traits was monthly milk production on 2, 3, 4, 5th months （quantitative traits） and some milk composition included dry matter （%DM）, fat （%F）, and protein （%P） percentage on during of production （qualitative traits）. There were no significant differences in sex, birth type and genetic group for BW. Also the effect of genetic groups on 1 MW, WW, and 6 MW was significant, while effects of sex and birth type on 1 MW, WW and 6 MW was not significant. Also MW （Mothe＇s weight） had no significant effect on BW, 1 MW, WW and 6 MW. The average of daily milk records was 0.48 kg for nativel and 1.1 kg for crossed goats. The maximum monthly milk records in two groups were in second month （native： 0.64 -4- 0.05, crossed： 1.44 ~： 0.12） and the minimum were in fifth month （native： 0.36 ＋ 0.03, crossed： 0.77 -4- 0.05）. %DM, %F and %P in 5th month were higher than other months in two groups. Effects of genetic groups on milk production and also on average of%F, %DM and %P were significant. This study showed that the crossbreeding has a significant effect on most milk production and growth traits in Iranian native goats.

The Survival of Cefazolin Resistant Bacteria in Thermophilic Co-digestion of Dairy Manure and Waste Milk

Recent studies have suggested that there may be a link between the use of in-feed antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human infections. It is believed that anaerobic digestion is a potent method to reduce the antibiotic resistant bacteria present in waste from concentrated animal feeding operations. Cefazolin is a β-1actam antibiotic that is frequently used to treat the cows with mastitis in the Obihiro University herd. Disposal of untreated milk containing cefazolin residues promotes the occurrence of cefazolin resistant bacteria in the vicinity of farm, thus the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of antibiotic resistant bacteria in co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk obtained from cows treated for mastitis with cefazolin under thermophilic conditions （55 ~C）. Cow manure, digested slurry and waste milk （cefazolin residue concentration 2.17 mg/L） were used as the materials in order to have three digester contents; 100% slurry, 50% slurry ＋ 50% manure and 50% slurry ＋ 45% manure ＋ 5% waste milk. The experiment was carried out using batch digesters （1 L） with active volume of 800 mL at 55 ℃ for 20 days to determine the survival of cefazolin resistant bacteria and to observe the digester performance by determining the bio gas and methane yield using gas chromatpgrapby. Dilution plate method was used to determine the population densities of total and cefazolin resistant bacteria at 0, 10th and 20th day of digestion. Total and cefazolin resistant bacterial counts were reduced with time by several orders until 10th day of digestion and those were almost similar at day 20th. Highest daily biogas and methane yield were observed in the digester contained slurry, manure and waste milk during early digestion period （until 5th day）. The results suggest that thermophilic co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk would be a suitable technology for reducing antibiotic （cefazolin） resistant bacteria while obtaining better digester performance.

Effect of Garlic Paste Added to Yoghurt of Cow Milk

Yoghurt has greater popularity among fermented milk products. The development of fruit and fiavoured yoghurt resulted in this product of major importance in markets. Garlic is a common food spice and herbal medicine for preventing of many human diseases. This study was conducted to analyze physicochemical properties of yoghurt by incorporating of garlic paste at different concentrations. Yoghurt mixtures were prepared with 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% garlic paste, and without garlic paste as a control. They were subjected into chemical, sensorial and microbial assessment during the storage period of four weeks. At the first week, the chemical attributes, such as ash, dry matter, total sugar, reducing sugar and pH show significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in 3% garlic added yoghurt. On the other hand, titrable acidity was higher in yoghurt made without garlic paste. At the fourth week of storage period, 3% garlic added yoghurt received higher mean value for ash, dry matter, total sugar, reducing sugar and pH. Similarly, yoghurt made without garlic received higher mean value for titrable acidity. Garlic reduced the bacterial load in the yoghurt, as bacterial count was decreased with increase in the concentration of garlic paste. Finally, organoleptic assessment revealed that there were （P 〈 0.05） changes among the treatments in the sensory attributes. Although, yoghurt made from 1% of garlic at the first week of storage showed the best overall acceptability compared with other all treatments, such as values of ash, dry matter, total sugar and reducing sugar were 0.61%±0.05%, 14.73% ± 3%, 12.7% ± 1.57% and 1.86% ± 0.19%, respectively.

Effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat on Milk Composition of Early Lactation Holstein Cows Fed Whole Plant Corn Silage during Dry Season

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align to two groups according to CRD experimental design; each group included 12 Holstein cows. The control received by-pass fat 0 g/h.d, the experimental group received by-pass fat 300 g/h.d. The results shown, DMI and yield of milk did not be affected with supplementation of by-pass fat, however, milk protein increased by 6.71%, milk fat increased by 8.16%, lactose increased by 0.22%, SNF increased by 1.98%, TS increased 4.08%; digestibility of diet protein decreased by 6.62%, digestibility of EE decreased by 7.96%, digestibility of NDF and ADL decreased by 1.36%, 8.97% respectively, digestibility of DM and OM decreased by 4.42, 3.07 percentage units; amount of C4-C17 milk fatty acids showed a decreased tendency, that of CIs-C22 showed an increased tendency, the milk CLA increased significantly （P 〈 0.01）. To sum up, supplementation of by-pass fat for early lactation Holstein is an important measure to balance energy and sustain milk yield and quality.