沙化荒漠地区牧草植被生态环境重建技术试验探索

旨在探索半干旱沙化荒漠地区牧草植被生态生产系统重建与保持的新技术模式。在西部甘肃张掖典型沙化撂荒地,采用固沙保土有机肥与多年生抗旱固氮牧草植物相结合的方法进行野外试验。结果表明:在半干旱沙化荒漠地,选用具有上述特性的"草原3号杂花小叶苜蓿"条播后,随即每667m2喷施50～60倍的具有黏结、吸湿、保水功能的"固沙保土有机肥"溶液6～8t,同时完成浇水、施肥、铺膜(自然形成的可降解生态地膜)3道工序,基本满足牧草植物发芽生长所需的水分和养分,从而初步形成牧草植被生态系统。

沙化荒漠地区牧草植被生态环境重建技术试验探索

在西部甘肃张掖典型沙化撂荒地,采用固沙保土有机肥与多年生抗旱固氮牧草植物相结合的方法进行野外试验。结果表明:在半干旱沙化荒漠地,选用具有抗旱固氮特性的"草原3号杂花小叶苜蓿"条播后,随即喷施"固沙保土有机肥",可初步形成牧草植被生态系统。

沙化荒漠地区牧草植被生态环境重建技术试验探索

本文旨在探索半干旱沙化荒漠地区牧草植被生态生产系统重建与保持的新技术模式。在西部甘肃张掖典型沙化撂荒地，采用固沙保土有机肥与多年生抗旱、固氮牧草植物相结合的方法进行野外试验，结果表明：在丰干旱沙化荒漠地，选用“草原3号杂花小叶苜蓿”条播后，随即喷施兑水50～60倍的具有黏结、吸湿、保水功能的“固沙保土有机肥”溶液6—8t／666．7m2，同时完成浇水、施肥、覆膜（自然形成的可降解生态地膜）三道工序，基本满足牧草植物发芽生长所需的水分和养分，从而初步形成牧草植被生态系统。

Analysis of Characteristics of Grazed Artificial Pastures in the South of Guizhou

＂Ryegrass, orchard grass, Festuca arundinacea and Trifolium repens＂ were researched in Dushan County, Guizhou Province, in order explore grass characteristics by different grazing methods in seasons. The results show that grass community height in different groups was of little differences（P0.05）; the group of moderate grazing in spring, summer and autumn dominated in grass cover; grass density showed insignificant variations among different treatment groups（P0.05） and in the groups of heavy grazing in spring and autumn and moderate grazing in summer and of moderate grazing in spring, summer and autumn, grass community density was higher compared with the other groups（P0.05）; as for above-ground biomass, the group of moderate grazing in spring and autumn and heavy grazing in summer and of moderate grazing in spring, summer and autumn dominated.

Rangeland degradation assessment in Kyrgyzstan:vegetation and soils as indicators of grazing pressure in Naryn Oblast

Rangelands occupy more than 80% of the agricultural land in Kyrgyzstan. At least 30% of Kyrgyz pasture areas are considered to be subject to vegetation and soil degradation. Since animal husbandry is the economic basis to sustain people＇s livelihoods, rangeland degradation presents a threat for the majority of the population. We present for the first time an ecological assessment of different pasture types in a remote area of the Naryn Oblast, using vegetation and softs as indicators of rangeland conditions. We analysed the current degree of utilization （grazing pressure）, the amount of biomass, soil samples, and vegetation data, using cluster analysis as well as ordination techniques. Winter pastures （kyshtoo） are characterized by higher pH values （average of 7.27） and lower organic matter contents （average of 12.83%） compared to summer pastures （dzailoo） with average pH values of 6.03 and average organic matter contents of 21.05%. Additionally, summer pastures show higher above- ground biomass, and higher species richness and diversity. Our results support the hypothesis that winter pastures, which are located near settlements, suffer from over-utilisation, while the more distant summer pastures are subjected to much lower grazing pressure,

Application of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems for Rangeland Monitoring in Uzbekistan

The paper describes the capabilities and opportunities of Remote Sensing and GIS technologies for monitoring the rangeland vegetation and its dynamics under different type of factors. Potential of satellite data of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） Imagery for monitoring the rangeland condition of Karnabchul semi desert was exemined. The paper presents the first stage of a method for vegetation assessment of rangelands based on spectral vegetation indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） derived from remotely sensed data. Initial results of the research showed the Landsat satellite images can provide relevant information about current condition of rangeland vegetation. It is recommended to conduct further studies using remotely sensed data for improvement of the rangeland monitoring methods.

Influence of anthropic and eco-hydrological factors on the floristic diversity of the herbaceous vegetation around the temporary ponds in Ferlo,northern Senegal

Temporary ponds play substantial roles in preserving biodiversity in the Sahel.This study investigated the influence of anthropic and eco-hydrological factors on the plant diversity around two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond in Ferlo,northern Senegal.Two phytoecological transects were established per pond.On each transect,homogenous herbaceous vegetation units were identified and characterized(herbaceous cover,exposure,soil texture,soil moisture and pH,average height and slope).The herbaceous flora comprised 55 species,41 genera and 22 families across the three ponds.Species of the Poaceae,particularly Eragrostis tremula and Enteropogon prieurii,mostly colonized the grazed ponds,while the ungrazed pond favored other families’species such as Achyranthes sp.,Commelina forsskaolii,Corchorus sp.The Shannon’s diversity index(H′)of Wendu Marodi(ungrazed pond)was slightly higher(4.9 bits)than that of Belel Lougal and Belel Sow(grazed ponds)with 4.8 and 4.5 bits,respectively.The equitability indices were relatively high in the three ponds(0.85,0.83 and 0.78).Eco-ecological factors distinguished four species’groupings:a Tribulus terrestris grouping colonizing the constraining and over-grazed zones,a Digitaria horizontalis grouping,and Chloris barbata grouping found in the transition zones,and an Achyranthes aspera grouping in the wetlands,where woody plants were strongly present and the anthropic action low.This study highlighted the importance of maintaining a landscape mosaic of ungrazed or semi-protected ponds and grazed ponds to preserve the herbaceous floristic diversity in the center of Ferlo(Senegal)and the Sahel in general.

Multifunctionality and Thresholds of Alpine Grassland on the Tibetan Plateau

Ecosystems can simultaneously provide multiple functions and services. Knowledge on the combinations of such multi-dimensional functions is critical for accurately assessing the carrying capacity and implementing sustainable management. However, accurately quantify the multifunctionality of ecosystems remains challenging due to the dependence and close association among individual functions. Here, we quantified spatial patterns in the multifunctionality of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau by integrating four important individual functions based on data collected from a field survey and remote sensing NDVI. After mapping the spatial pattern of multifunctionality, we extracted multifunctionality values across four types of grassland along the northern Tibet Plateau transect. Effects of climate and grazing intensity on the multifunctionality were differentiated. Our results showed that the highest values of multifunctionality occurred in the alpine meadow. Low values of multifunctionality were comparable in different types of grassland. Annual precipitation explained the large variation of multifunctionality across the different types of grassland in the transect, which showed a significantly positive effect on the multifunctionality. Grazing intensity further explained the rest of the variation in the multifunctionality(residuals), which showed a shift from neutral or positive to negative effects on multifunctionality across the different types of grassland. The consistently rapid declines of belowground biomass, SOC, and species richness resulted in the collapse of the multifunctionality as bare ground cover amounted to 75%, which corresponded to a multifunctionality value of 0.233. Our results are the first to show the spatial pattern of grassland multifunctionality. The rapid decline of the multifunctionality suggests that a collapse in the multifunctionality can occur after the vegetation cover decreases to 25%, which is also accompanied by rapid losses of species and other individual functions. Our results are expected to provide evidence and direction for the sustainable development of alpine grassland and restoration management.