关于《史记·货殖列传》中的经济区划问题——读《货殖列传》札记

《货殖列传》是司马迁记述商业理论、商业发展史和主要商人活动的专篇,学者们提出的四大经济区和若干二级经济小区的说法值得商榷。将该篇全文前后联系起来,并结合撰写此篇的创作命意仔细推究,综合考察,可以看出司马迁是从宏观上将全国分为四大物产区而非经济区。所谓的经济小区,实则是在讲述“周流天下”之商人的活动范围及各地的商业发展史。

Crop Yield and Soil Responses to Long-Term Fertilization on a Red Soil in Southern China

A 15-year fertilization experiment with different applications of inorganic N,P and K fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)was conducted to study the yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization at Qiyang,Hunan Province,China. Average grain yields of wheat and corn(1 672 and 5 111 kg ha-1,respectively)for the treatment NPKM were significantly higher than those(405 and 310 kg ha-1)of the unfertilized control and single inorganic fertilizer treatments.Compared with the corresponding initial values of the experiment,all treatments showed a yield decline of 9 to 111 kg ha-1 year-1 in wheat and 35 to 260 kg ha-1 year-1 in corn,respectively,and a significant pH decline of 0.07 to 0.12 pH year?1,except for the treatments PK and NPKM.After long-term fertilization,the soil organic C,soil available P,exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+and available Cu2+and Zn2+contents were higher in the treatment NPKM than in the treatments applied with inorganic fertilizer only.Compared to the treatment NPK,the treatment NPKM,where manure partially replaced inorganic N,had a positive impact on arresting the decline of soil pH.This improved grain yields of wheat and corn, suggesting that application of NPK fertilizer in combination with farmyard manure is important to maintain soil fertility and buffering capacity in red soil.

Biomarker Records of Phytoplankton Productivity and Community Structure Changes in the Central Yellow Sea Mud Area During the Mid-Late Holocene

The Yellow Sea （YS） environmental and ecological changes during the Holocene are driven by the interactions between the Yellow Sea Warm Current （YSWC）, the East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM） and the Kuroshio Current （KC）. We report marine biomarker records of brassicasterol, dinosterol and C37 alkenones in core ZY1 and core ZY2 from the South Yellow Sea （SYS） to reconstruct the spatial/temporal variations and possible mechanisms of phytoplankton primary productivity and community structure changes during the Mid-late Holocene. The contents of the corresponding biomarkers in the two cores are similar, and they also reveal broadly similar temporal trends. From 6kyr to 3kyr, the biomarker contents in the two cores were relatively low with small oscillations, followed by a distinct increase at about 3 kyr indicating productivity increases caused by a stronger EAWM. The alkenone/brassicasterol ratio （A/B） is used as a community structure proxy, which also showed higher values in both cores since 3 kyr, indicating increased haptophyte contribution to total productivity. It is proposed that the YS community structure has been mainly influenced by the YSWC, with stronger YSWC influences causing an increase in haptophyte contribution since 3 kyr. Some differences of the biomarker records between ZY2 and ZYI suggest spatial variations in response to YSWC and KC forcing. When the KC was intensified during the periods of 6-4.2kyr and 1.7-0kyr, the YSWC extended eastward, exerting more influence on core ZY1. On the other hand, when the KC weakened during 4.2-1.7 kyr, the YSWC extended westward, exerting more influence on the ZY2.

Withdrawing from Agrarian Livelihoods: Environmental Migration in Nepal

Although about two-thirds of Nepalese families depend on agriculture as their major source of income, the agriculture is mostly rain-fed and it has been adversely affected by water hazards and the subsequent degradation of resources. Based on case studies from three different geographical regions in Nepal, this research examines how environmental factors cause decreasing crop production and push people to abandon agriculture and accept emigration for employment. The research findings suggest a chain of push factors starting from drought or erratic rainfall causing water hazards, which impacts on depletion of crops and livestock, losses in income and employment and increased human mobility and emigration. The paper argues that the Government of Nepal and development partners can be more effective in enabling agrarian families to cope with the water hazards and shocks by formulating pro-poor mitigation and adaptation policies and strategies,focusing both on ‘rapid-onset' and ‘slow-onset' water hazards.

The metabolite profiling of coastal coccolithophorid species Pleurochrysis carterae(Haptophyta)

Pleurochrysis carterae is a calcifi ed coccolithophorid species that usually blooms in the coastal area and causes aquaculture losses. The cellular calcifi cation, blooming and many other critical species specifi c eco-physiological processes are closely related to various metabolic pathways. The purpose of this study is to apply the unbiased and non-destructive method of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) to detect the unknown holistic metabolite of P. carterae. The results show that NMR spectroscopic method is practical in the analysis of metabolites of phytoplankton. The metabolome of P. carterae was dominated by 26 metabolites involved in a number of dif ferent primary and secondary metabolic pathways. Organic acids and their derivatives, amino acids, sugars, nucleic aides were mainly detected. The abundant metabolites are that closely related to the process of cellular osmotic adjustment, which possibly refl ect the active ability of P. carterae to adapt to the versatile coastal niche. DMSP(dimethylsulphoniopropionate) was the most dominant metabolite in P. carterae, up to 2.065±0.278 mg/g lyophilized cells, followed by glutamate and lactose, the contents were 0.349±0.035 and 0.301±0.073 mg/g lyophilized cells respectively. Other metabolites that had the content ranged between 0.1–0.2 mg/g lyophilized cells were alanine, isethionate and arabinose. Amino acid(valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tyrosine), organic acid salts(lactate, succinate), scyllitol and uracil had content ranged from 0.01 to below 0.1 mg/g lyophilized cells. Trigonelline, fumarate and formate were detected in very low content(only thousandths of 1 mg per gram of lyophilized cells or below). Our results of the holistic metabolites of P. carterae are the basic references for the further studies when multiple problems will be addressed to this notorious blooming calcifying species.

Selection of Superior Breeding Infraspecies Gaharu of Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke

Research on selection of superior breeding infraspecies Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke aims to select an infraspecies of G. versteegii having internal factors that affect the quality and quantity of production aromatic resin or agarwood. The internal factors are variations in wood anatomy, phytochemicals and agarwood of infraspecies G. versteegii. Of five local populations taken from West Lombok Island in Indonesia, the research areas are geographically located at coordinates： 8°15′-8°40′ South Latitude and 116°00′-116°20′East Longitude. Quality and quantity of agarwood production is influenced by internal factors of eaglewood trees, such as high starch production and the size of the cells making up the larger wood tissue. Infraspecies G. versteegii that have quality and quantity production of aromatic resin （the best agarwood） is Beringin group and the highest quantity of agarwood production （agarwood formation on the whole organ） is Soyun group.

The higher grain production, the more social deprivation? A case study of Henan province in traditional agricultural areas of China

This paper examines the spatial-temporal dynamics of inequality from the perspective of social deprivation in the context of continuous growth of grain production using national census data from 2000 and 2010 for Henan province,China.Our analytical results show an overall level of social deprivation that is high and a widening social deprivation gap at the county level.The social deprivation shows great spatiotemporal heterogeneity,the higher deprived counties are mainly distributed in central and eastern Henan province,while counties with lower social deprivation are clustered in northwestern regions,formed a belt-shape spatial differential between the south(higher deprived counties clustered)and northwest(low deprived counties clustered)Henan in 2000,and changed toward a core-periphery semi annular spatial structure in 2010,the low deprived counties surrounded by high deprived counties.The social deprivation shows a"west low and east high"spatial pattern,similar to the grain production in Henan province.Socioeconomic development level was low in most counties in Yudong plain despite of keeping the continuous increase of grain production,meaning the higher grain output did not result in the more social development expected in Chinese traditional agricultural areas,and the regional disparity is expected to increase in the near future if development conditions are not changed,which could inspire more targeted rural governance options.

Economic Value of Crop Productivity Biodiversity in ljebu Ode Agricultural Zone of Ogun State, Nigeria

Biological diversity involves genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity denotes the variation within species in the functional units of heredity present in any plant or animal, microbial or other origin of living things. Species diversity encompasses the variety of species--whether wild or domesticated, within a geographical area. This study assesses the economic value of crop productivity biodiversity in Ijebu Ode agricultural zone of Ogun State. The authors proposed a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enabled us to take into account the economic consequences of respondents＇ monthly income and species crop of three different communities. The objectives of the study are to identify the personal and socio-economic characteristics of farmers and determine the importance of biodiversity in the study area using Simpson＇s Index. The result showed that 52.50% were male, majority （32.50%） were within the age range of 31 and 40 years old, 44.17% were married, 62.50% had household size of 6-10, and majority （45.83%） had secondary education while 46.67% had up to 20 years farming experience. In conclusion, the authors find that effective factors play an important role in explaining the support for biodiversity conservation, particularly when people do not have specific knowledge about species; while ecological-scientific considerations appear when people are well-informed.

Shanghai Free Trade Zone Within The Enterprise Capital Operating Condition Research

Development of Shanghai Free Trade Zone, pushing up the logistics support industrial transformation and upgrading, boosting the overall domestic demand for modem logistics services. In this paper, trade logistics company, for example, through the report analyzes the main indicators of change in company focus on capital before and after the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, it analyze the impact and significance of argumentation Shanghai Free-Trade Zone for logistics and warehousing industry in the region, hoping to fund operations management who inspire.

Production and Nutritive Value of Shrub Legumes in West Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia

This study aimed to identify the potential of shrub legumes as protein feed in West Timor. Eight shrub legumes, i.e., Clitoria ternatea Q5455 （CT Q5455）, Clitoria ternatea millgara （CT millgara）, Centrosema pascuorum bundey （CP bundey）, Centrosema pascuorum molle （CP molle）, Macroptilium bracteatum juanita （MB Juanita）, Macroptilium bracteatum cadaarga （MB cadaarga）, Dolichos lablab （DL） and Stylossanthes seabrana （SS） were evaluated for their yield and nutritive value in Randomized Block Design. Each legume was cultivated in four plots of different soil fertility as block （5 ~ 5 m2 per plot）. Phosphorus （P） fertilizer was applied once just before planting at level of 50 kg ha~. Watering was done three times per week using sprinkler. The legumes were harvested at 120 days after planting （dap） in three sub-plots of 1 x 1 m2 size for their yield measurement. Samples of each legume was taken for Dry Matter （DM）, Organic Matter （OM）, Crude Protein （CP）, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin content and in vitro DM, OM and CP digestibility test. Data were statistically analyzed using Genstat release 12.2. The results showed that the legumes showed significantly different （P 〈 0.01） in biomass yield. The highest biomass yield was shown by SS （6,739 kg DM ha-l; 6,120 kg OM ha1 and 1,224 kg CP hal） and the lowest was by DL （1,294 kg DM ha^-1; 1,157 kg OM ha^-1 and 242 kg CP ha^-1）. In general, there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） of DM digestibility of the eight legumes, except for DL which showed significantly highest （P 〈 0.01） DM and OM digestibility compared to the other.

Determinants of Public Goods Investment in Rural Communities in Mountainous Areas of Sichuan Province, China

This study aims to investigate two important issues: what are the determinants of public goods investment and what is the government's investment behavior in mountainous areas. The impacts of natural conditions, target, and demand elements on public goods investment are analyzed with statistical method, and the determinants of public goods investment in the areas are obtained by using population-weighted and stepwise regression models with Eviews6.0 software with survey data in 2008 and calculated data based on GIS of 20 typical villages in mountainous regions in Sichuan, China. The results showed:(1) natural conditions are the important determinants of public investment. Mountainous villages with steep slope have relatively high levels of investment;(2) concentration of population and the educational levels of the village leaders also have important impacts on public goods investment;(3) the government is more concerned with public investment resources particularly in areas characterized by fragile ecological environment and poor agricultural output. These results suggest that the current investment strategy helps to reduce disparities in regional development.

Charcoal Production in a Cocoa-Farming Area： Plant Species Used and Their Sources

The authors investigated the plant species used for charcoal production and their sources and the willingness of the producers to plant charcoal-making species. Furthermore, the authors indirectly determined the involvement of farmers in charcoal production in Atwima Mponua District of Ghana. A total of 120 producers were interviewed and simple ranking was used for the analysis. Twenty-three plant species were used with the first, second, third and fourth which were Celtis mildbraediL Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Margaritoria discoides and Amphimas pterocarpoides respectively. However, the Amphimas pterocarpoides was not among the traditional charcoal-producing species. The wood used came from seven different sources. None of the charcoal producers had a plantation of charcoal-producing species. Only 13 % of the producers were willing to plant, 87% of them who were not willing to plant indicated that they would leave charcoal production if the resource got finished. The 120 charcoal producers were made up roughly of 56% males, and 44% females and in which 69.2% of them were farmers.

Effect of Different Potting Mixtures on Growth and Yield of Soybean （Glycine max L.） and Soil Microbial Activity

Soybean （Glycine max： Fabaceae） is a mycotrophic （mycorrhizal） crop grown commercially for human consumption. Seven different fertilizer mixtures, namely cow dung, coir dust, mush room medium waste, saw dust, compost, decaying leaves and field soil with standard dose of NPK （control） were used for this experiment. The variety used was PM 25. Soil microbial activity was measured using CO2 evolution method. The experiment was carried out as a complete randomized block design with five replicates at the rate of eight plants per replicate. Average number of leaves on 25-day and 45-day old plants, shoot-length, root-length, number of pods per plant, wet weight of pod per plant, dry weight of pod per plant, plant wet weight, plant dry weight and seed dry weight per pod were measured. All management practices were conducted according to recommendations of the Department of Agriculture from seed germination to harvesting. Data were analyzed using SAS program （9.1.3）. Highest number of pods/plant （100, 124, 102, 106） and dry-seed-weight in g/plant （12, 14.8, 12, 12） were recorded in those grown in cow dung, compost, decaying leaves and inorganic mixture （control） whereas the lowest pod production （8.7 pods/plant） and seed dry weight （1.0 g/plant） was recorded in saw dust. Instead of inorganic fertilizer there is possibility to use organic potting mixtures like compost and decaying leaves which gave a significant difference in crop productivity as compared to other treatments. Significantly highest mean microbial activity was observed in potting media filled with coir dust.

Photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat under limited supplemental irrigation in the semiarid northwestern China

A field experiment was conducted for intercropped winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） in 2002/2003 to evaluate the effects of limited supplemental irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat in semiarid environment. The result indicated that significances occurred in grain yield between the intercropped wheat treatments and sole wheat control （CKW）, and in yield between the irrigated intercropped wheat plots （WC2W, WC3W, WC5W） and not irrigated （WC1W） except for WC4W plots with nearly the same yield as WC1W. In comparison with CKW, 11.8%, 18.5%, 23.6%, 11.5%, and 30.7% of yield increase in the intercropped wheat plots were obtained in WCIW, WC2W, WC3W, WC4W, and WC5W respectively. Compared to the intercropped wheat plots without irrigation, yields in WC2W, WC3W, and WC5W were improved by 5.9%, 10.5%, and 16.9%, respectively. The dynamics of CGR and NAR in both intercropped （WC1W-WC5W） and solely cropped wheat （CKW） showed a type of ＂single peak＂ curves, with both the maximum CGR and NAR occurred during jointing to heading （14/4-6/5） of wheat. In addition, soil water potential （SWP） fluctuated as a function of the precipitation and limited supplemental irrigation.

Market Information on Sourcing Cellulosic Feedstock for Biofuel Production in Northern Plains Region of the United States

This study investigates crop residue availability within 100 mile radius of a potential biorefinery in Southeast North Dakota. Due to the lack of market information on biomass residue supply, we conducted farm focus group survey sessions and empirical field studies to evaluate farmers＇ willingness to supply crop residues and timeliness of harvesting. Using a GIS （Geographic Information Systems） application, we locate residue supply areas and numerically show that there are enough crop residues to meet the biorefinery＇s supply needs. Our evidence from farm focus group shows that farmers may not be willing to sell their crop residues because of concerns for labor availability and soil fertility losses. Farmers＇ decisions to supply crop residues depend on the willingness of a biofuel firm to offer them a contract and ensure price stability. Farmers are unwilling to take any risk in supplying crop residues and they prefer to transfer ownership of residues immediately after harvest and have an external party bale, store and transport the goods. The biofuel firm requires crop residues be collected dry to prevent mold. This will challenge Northern Plains farmers who wait to collect stovers prior to winter.

Subsurface Drainage Impact Assessment-in Ibshan, Egypt

This paper aims to mitigate the impacts of subsurface drainage system in Ibshan, Egypt on the environment. For studying and analyzing these impacts, data are collected concerning before and after the installation of the subsurface drainage system. The environmental impacts are set to be crops yields, salinity, and water table depth. Concerning crops yields, five crops are identified to study the effect of the subsurface drainage system on their productivity. Regarding salinity, the saline areas are investigated pre and post the subsurface drainage system. For the water table depth, the ground water table depths are reviewed before and after the subsurface drainage system. Also, the DRA1NMOD-S computer program is employed to determine the effect of the subsurface drainage system on the water table depth. It is concluded that the environmental impacts of the subsurface drainage system in Ibshan area are very good. The yields of five crops increased from 7% to 38%, 16.4% of saline areas are improved, and the ground water table depth is reduced by 10%. Also, an equation is obtained to predict the percentage decrease of ground water table depth according to the laterals spacing of the subsurface drainage system.

Plant Response and Grape Composition of Vitis vinifera L, cv Tannat in Different Climatic Regions

In wine production, the typical characteristics of variety, defined by its place of their origin, contribute to the development of distinctive and unique wines. In the current study, we analyzed the effect of the environment using vine response and grape composition as indicators. Four cv. Tannat vineyards in three different climatic regions of Uruguay with similar soil conditions were studied in 2008 and 2009. Vines grafted onto SO4 （Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia） rootstock and were trained on a trellis system. Weather information was obtained from weather stations （MMO standards）. At each vineyard, we recorded： yield per plant, pruning weight, leaf area and pre-dawn leaf water potential. We analyzed sugars, total acidity and pH, polyphenolic potential, organic acids and berry weight. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlations and discriminant analysis were carried out. The climate factors with the highest discriminant weight were water balance, degree days （〉 10 ℃） of maturation and rainfall during the vegetative growth period. Plant response allowed us to discriminate between vineyards regardless of the year and was consistent with climate. Exposed leaf area and length of maturation period were the indexes with the highest values, followed by leaf water potential and grape yield. The total anthocyanin content, sugar contents and their daily accumulation, and acid composition statistically separate regions regardless of the year. We concluded that plant response and grape composition were strongly influenced by water supply and thermal conditions during ripening.

Urban Integrated Activity Zone （UIAZ） in Shanghai

Urban integrated activity zone （UIAZ） refers to multi-functional area that can provide various services. Integrated activity zone （IAZ）, which is based on the existing financial district and Central Business District （CBD）, often weakens administrative boundaries and changes the original single functional partition. It emphasizes the mixture of different functions and the vitality of the central area. The construction of IAZ is different from the simple space construction of economy and material production. IAZ emphasizes the participation of city dwellers in urban renewal process. Shanghai IAZs are those vigorous public activity centers in Shanghai. ]ust like those active cells, IAZs in Shanghai are to inspire and improve the comprehensive competitiveness and vitality of the city at macro, intermediate, and micro level, they are the public places in which urban cultural life takes place, develops, and precipitates. This paper provides broad and profound presentation on IAZ structure planning in Shanghai： mix-used function, multi-dimensions scale, people oriented development （POD） transportation, commercial development, and city form vitality. This paper provides not only qualitative analysis, but also makes a serious attempt to quantify the result and statement.

The Effect of the Hot Springs at the Umm Qeis Archaeological Site and Museum

Several recent studies have pointed out that northern parts of Jordan are exposed to high levels of the effect of the hot spring, which is widely known to have severe impacts on health, vegetation and structures. North Jordan has a wealth of ancient heritage including six out of the ten Decapolis Cities. Air pollution that comes out from the hot springs is alleged to deteriorate and erode buildings, structures, statues and monuments through acid deposition. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess air quality at Gadara, the capital of the ancient Decapolis and suggest mitigation measures that have to be adopted in order to save the ancient heritage against further deterioration. Measurements revealed that most criteria air pollutants including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide attain corresponding national ambient air quality standards. Atmospheric concentrations of NO are strongly linked to the amount of 03. Simultaneous exposure to SO2 and NO2 demonstrated that a catalytic reaction takes place which increases the rate of sulphate production after 30 h exposure.

Eco-engineering approaches for ocean negative carbon emission

The goal of achieving carbon neutrality in the next 30-40 years is approaching worldwide consensus and requires coordinated efforts to combat the increasing threat of climate change.Two main sets of actions have been proposed to address this grand goal.One is to reduce anthropogenic CO2emissions to the atmosphere,and the other is to increase carbon sinks or negative emissions,i.e.,removing CO2from the atmosphere.Here we advocate eco-engineering approaches for ocean negative carbon emission(ONCE),aiming to enhance carbon sinks in the marine environment.An international program is being established to promote coordinated efforts in developing ONCE-relevant strategies and methodologies,taking into consideration ecological/biogeochemical processes and mechanisms related to different forms of carbon(inorganic/organic,biotic/abiotic,particulate/dissolved) for sequestration.We focus on marine ecosystem-based approaches and pay special attention to mechanisms that require transformative research,including those elucidating interactions between the biological pump(BP),the microbial carbon pump(MCP),and microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP).Eutrophic estuaries,hypoxic and anoxic waters,coral reef ecosystems,as well as aquaculture areas are particularly considered in the context of efforts to increase their capacity as carbon sinks.ONCE approaches are thus expected to be beneficial for both carbon sequestration and alleviation of environmental stresses.