知识产权利用与效益分配机制研究

探析了知识产权利用机制的法律内涵,并试就知识产权的利用机制、知识产权的效益分配机制、知识产权利用与效益分配机制的优化为切入点,重点分析了知识产权效益分配中社会各相关主体的利益平衡所涉及的价值判断与利益分配问题,揭示了知识产权利用中法律机制的逻辑关系,提出了知识产权在制度创设中须赋予双重性效益分配机制的立法建议,从而更有效地促进社会文明的发展。

Advances in Application of Biological Nitrification Inhibitors

Based on current research, the characteristics and action mechanism of biological nitrification inhibitors at home and abroad were reviewed by combining with the latest research progress. The application effects of biological nitrification inhibitors on agricultural production were summarized. Research hotspot and achievements of biological nitrification inhibitors at home and abroad were summarized. The research direction in future was forecasted.

In vitro Dissolution and Pharmacokinetics in Beagle Dogs of a Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Tretinoin

Aim In vitro dissolution test and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs wereconducted to assess the formulation of tretinoin in self-emulsifying systems. Methods Theconcentrations of tretinoin were determined by HPLC. A crossover study was performed in four fastingbeagle dogs with the formulation of self-emulsifying systems and commercial capsules. Results Theresults showed that the dissolution rate in 15 min of tretinoin in self-emulsifying systems washigher than 80% while that of the commercial capsules was lower than 5% . The area under the plasmaconcentration-time curve (AUC) of the self-emulsifying formulation was significantly higher andC_(max) was approximately two times greater than those of commercial capsule, respectively, Inaddition, the time taken to reach peak was shorter (2 h to 1.25 h) for self-emulsifying formulationof tretinoin. Conclusion The self-emulsifying drug delivery systems.can significantly increasetretinoin in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption.

Conversion of Natural Ecosystems to Cropland Increases the Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in Tibet

A comparative study was conducted to determine the NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in soil profiles and to examine the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification in adjacent forest, grassland, and cropland soils on the Tibetan Plateau. Cropland soil showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations in soil profiles compared with forest and grassland soils. NO3- -N accounted for 70%–90% of inorganic N in cropland soil, while NH4+ -N was the main form of inorganic N in forest and grassland soils. The average net N mineralization rate at 0–20 cm depth was approximately twice in cropland soil (1.48 mg kg-1 d-1) as high as in forest (0.83 mg kg-1 d-1) or grassland soil (0.72 mg kg-1 d-1). Cropland showed strong net nitrification, with the net rate almost equal to the total net N mineralization. Urea addition stimulated soil respiration, particularly in forest soil. Most urea-N, however, remained as NH4+ in forest and grassland soils, while NO3- was the main form of inorganic N to increase in cropland soil. Higher rates of net nitrification in cropland soils suggest that land use change on the Tibetan Plateau may lead to high N losses through nitrate leaching.

Application of suspension magnetization roasting as technology for high-efficiency separation of valuable iron minerals from high-iron bauxite

A technology for suspension magnetization roasting−magnetic separation was proposed to separate iron minerals for recovery.The optimum parameters were as follows:a roasting temperature of 650℃,a roasting time of 20 min,a CO concentration of 20%,and particles with a size less than 37μm accounting for 67.14%of the roasted product.The total iron content and iron recovery of the magnetic concentrate were 56.71%and 90.50%,respectively.The phase transformation,magnetic transition,and microstructure evolution were systematically characterized through iron chemical phase analysis,X-ray diffraction,vibrating sample magnetometry,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and transmission electron microscopy.The results demonstrated the transformation of hematite to magnetite,with the iron content in magnetite increasing from 0.41%in the raw ore to 91.47%in the roasted product.

Iron Monosulfide Distribution in Three Coastal Floodplain Acid Sulfate Soils, Eastern Australia

The distribution of iron monosulfide (quantified as acid volatile sulfur: SAV) was compared with geo- chemical properties that are known to affect its formation and accumulation in three coastal Holocene acid sulfate soils (ASS) at Tuckean Swamp, McLeods Creek and Bungawalbyn Swamp respectively. These properties included PH, reactive iron (FeR), pore-water sulfate (SO:42-) and organic carbon (OC). Iron monosulfide was concentrated at the oxic/anoxic boundary. The Tuckean Swamp and McLeods Creek sites are Holocene sediments, whereas the Bungawalbyn Swamp is a Holocene peat. The concentration of SAV averaged 0.2 g kg-l in a 0.5 m thick soil layer at the Tuckean Swamp, but was an order of magnitude lower in the oxic/anoxic transition layers at McLeods Creek and Bungawalbyn Swamp. The SAV mineral greigite (Fe3S4) was identified in the Tuckean Swamp by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Very small concentrations of greigite were also observed in the McLeods Creek, based on crystal morphology and elemental composition. The concentration of SAV was a small fraction of the total reduced sulfur, representing at most 3% of the Pyrite sulfur. However, the presence of this highly reactive sulfide mineral, distributed within pores where oxygen diffusion is most rapid, has important implications to the potential rate of acid production from these sediments.

Effects of N source and nitrification pretreatment on growth of Arthrospira platensis in human urine

Culture ofArthrospiraplatensis （Spirulinaplatens） in human urine was investigated to get valuable biomass. NO3-N was the proper N source, in comparison with other N source, including urea, NH4-N and NO2-N. As a result, aerobic nitrification of human urine was performed, with above 93.6% nitrification percentage finally achieved with total-N （TN） load of 46.52 mg/（L.d）, in which Arthrospira platensis was successfully grown. The main compositions of the obtained biomass are close to those in Zarrouk medium. Thus, it is possible to culture Arthrospiraplatensis in nitrified human urine for food production within bioregenerative life support systems （BLSSs）.

Preparation of tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers from waste hot dipping zinc

Large and uniform tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers （T-ZnO） were prepared from waste hot dipping zinc by vapor oxidation and examined by means of X-ray diffraction and ICP-AES analysis and scanning electron microscope. The products are pure hexagonal wurtzite crystals with tetrapod shape and edge size of center body 56 μm and needle length of 100130 μm. The size and shape of ZnO particles are fully controlled by the growth conditions and T-ZnO can be obtained only at 8501 000 ℃ and total gas flow rate ranging from 40 to 250 L·h-1 in which the size of the T-ZnO particles varies slightly with temperature. The process of the formation of T-ZnO is that T-ZnO may nucleate at the initial stage with a complete tetrapod shape and develop to the large size, but not the process of （preferential） growth of octahedral nuclei and subsequent growth of the needles. The experiment presents a new method to prepare T-ZnO economically by using the waste hot dipping zinc.

Vanadium extraction from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite by selective chlorination using chloride wastes (FeClx)

Vanadium extraction of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite was investigated by selective chlorination. Thermodynamics analyses on the interactive reactions among related species in the system were made before the experiments. Some fundamental experiments for extracting vanadium by FeClx as chlorinating agent were conducted over the temperature range of 900-1300 K under air or oxygen atmosphere. The results show that vanadium can be extracted by the selective chlorination, using FeClx, based on thermodynamic analysis and experiment. Vanadium extraction ratio first increases with the increase of temperature, and then decreases with the increase of temperature over the range of 900-1300 K under air or oxygen atmosphere. The higher molar ratio of FeCI3 to oxides （nchl：noxd） reacting with FeC13, the higher ratio of vanadium extraction. Under oxygen atmosphere, the vanadium extraction ratio is up to 32% at 1100 K for 2 h by using FeCI3 as chlorinating agent.

Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China

Thirteen sediment core samples(0-10 cm) were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus(P) fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area.The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P(MLOP) > moderately resistant organic P(MROP) > highly resistant organic P(HROP) > labile organic P(LOP),with average proportional ratios of 13.2:2.8:1.3:1.0.LOP,MLOP,and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble P(WSP),algal-available P(AAP),NaHCO3-extractable P(Olsen-P),total P(TP),organic P(OP),and inorganic P(IP).However,HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC,WSP,AAP,Olsen-P,TP or IP.This suggested that organic P,especially LOP and MLOP in sediments,deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication.In terms of organic P,sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication.Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment,LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment,which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.

Energy and Water Optimization in Biofuel Plants

In this paper we address the topic of energy and water optimization in the production of bioethanol from corn and switchgrass. We show that in order for these manufacturing processes to be attractive,there is a need to go beyond traditional heat integration and water recycling techniques. Thus,we propose a strategy based on mathe-matical programming techniques to model and optimize the structure of the processes,and perform heat integration including the use of multi-effect distillation columns and integrated water networks to show that the energy effi-ciency and water consumption in bioethanol plants can be significantly improved. Specifically,under some circum-stances energy can even be produced and the water consumption can be reduced below the values required for the production of gasoline.

Phosphorus Speciation in Wetland Sediments of Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary,China

Phosphorus fractions and adsorption-release characteristics of sediments in the Zhujiang （Pearl） River estuary wetland were investigated. Results showed that the total phosphorus （TP） content in surface sediments ranged from 648.9 mg/kg to 1064.0 mg/kg; inorganic phosphorus （IP） was the major fraction of TP and ranged from 422.5 mg/kg to 643.9 mg/kg. Among the inorganic phosphorus, the main fractions were phosphorus bound to A1 and Fe （Fe/A1-P）, and calcium-bound phosphorus （Ca-P）, accounting for 23%-42% and 21%-67% of IP, respectively. The vertical distribution of TP contents were significantly positive correlated with organic phosphorus （Org-P） and Fe/A1-P contents. The bio-available phosphorus contents in vertical sediments varied from 128.6 mg/kg to 442.9 mg/kg, mainly existed in Fe-AI/P fraction, and increased from the bottom to top sediments. The transport of phosphorus in sediment-water in- terface was controlled by the soil characteristics. The active Fe and A1 content was considered as the main factor that determines adsorp- tion capacity in vegetated marsh wetland. The P buffering capacity of the sediments in vegetated marsh wetland was greater than that in mudflat wetland. The potential risk of eutrophication in the study area is high. Reducing terrestrial phosphorus discharge and preventing the sediment Fe/A1-P release to the interstitial water are the possible solutions to reduce the risk of eutrophication in estuary wetlands, and planting vegetation in estuary wetland can also reduce the release of phosphorus in surface sediment.

Physicochemical characteristics of various milk samples available in Pakistan

We report physicochemical characteristics of various kinds of liquid milk commercially available in Pakistan in comparison with those of fresh natural milk from animals. Milk samples were collected from local markets at Peshawar, Pakistan, and analyzed for their physical features, including moisture, total solids, specific gravity, conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity (lactic acid equivalent), and chemical components and macro-minerals, including total protein, casein, lactose, ash and minerals (Na, K and Mg). These items were compared with the physicochemical characteristics of the fresh natural milk samples from buffalo, cow and goat. The results were also compared with reported nutritional quality of milk from various countries and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. We found that all the physical features and chemical components of commercially available milk in Pakistan markets meet WHO's requirements, except for Na, K, Ca and Mg, which are below the standards.

Extracellular vesicle–based drug delivery system boosts phytochemicals’therapeutic effect for neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)are a major threat to the elderly,and efficient therapy is rarely available.A group of phytochemicals has been shown to ameliorate NDs;however,poor stability,low bioavailability,and reduced drug accumulation in brain tissue limit their application in NDs.Therefore,a targeted drug delivery system is a feasible treatment strategy for NDs.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)possess many favorable bioactivities and are excellent carriers for targeting brain tissue.This review summarizes EVs as novel phytochemical carriers in ND therapy.First,we discuss the current challenges of ND therapy and the therapeutic effects of phytochemicals for NDs.Second,we highlight the ability of EVs to cross the blood-brain barrier and act as drug carriers to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs for NDs.Finally,encapsulation strategies for phytochemicals in EVs are particularly reviewed,as they are critical for obtaining high loading efficacy and stable drug delivery systems.This review provides new insights into EV-based drug delivery systems for improving the therapeutic effect of phytochemicals for ND treatment.Therefore,the release rate and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals should be well controlled to ensure the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemical-loaded EVs in the brain.

Sediment recycling and indication of weathering proxies

As a result of recycling, the mineralogical and chemical compositions of riverine sediments may reflect the combined effects of the present-day weathering regime as well as previous weathering and diagenetic alteration history. River sediments can be interpreted as a mixture of non-weathered bedrock—of igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary origin—and solids formed by the modern weathering system. The correlation between the weathering proxies chemical index of alteration and weathering index of Parker offers an approach to distinguish fine suspended particles, coarse bedload sediments, and recycled sediments under the influence of quartz dilution. Recycling of cation-depleted source rocks formed during past geological weathering episodes may have great impacts on the weathering indices of sediments from the Changjiang(Yangzte) and Zhuoshui Rivers. Special caution is required when using chemical weathering indices to investigate the intensity of chemical weathering registered in fluvial sediments. To minimize the effect of hydrodynamic sorting or sediment recycling, we suggest that the fine sediments(e.g.suspended particles and ﹤2 lm fractions of bedload sediments) in rivers better reflect the average of weatheredcrust in catchments and the terrigenous end-member in marginal seas.

Effects of root oxidation ability and P on As mobility and bioavailability in rice

The effects of root oxidization ability and P fertilization on As mobility in soils, and subsequently As uptake, translocation and speciation in rice plants were investigated. Results show that root oxidation significantly influences As mobility in rhizoshphere.Genotype TD71 with higher radial oxygen loss(ROL) induces more Fe plaque formation and sequesters more As and P in iron plaque and rhizoshphere soil, leading to the reduction of As accumulation in rice plants. Additionally, P addition mobilizes As in soil solution, and increases As accumulation in rice plants. Arsenic speciation results show that the majority of As species in husks detected is inorganic As, accounting for 82%-93% of the total As, while in grains the majority of As is inorganic As and dimethyl arsenic(DMA), with DMA accounting for 33%-64% of the total As. The fraction of inorganic As decreases while fraction of DMA increases, with increasing As and P concentrations. The study further elucidates the mechanisms involved in effects of ROL on As tolerance and accumulation in rice.

How to protect liver graft with nitric oxide

Organ preservation and ischemia reperfusion injury associated with liver transplantation play an important role in the induction of graft injury. One of the earliest events associated with the reperfusion injury is endothelial cell dysfunction. It is generally accepted that endothelial nitric oxide synthase （e-NOS） is cell-pro- tective by mediating vasodilatation, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates liver graft injury after transplantation. We conducted a critical review of the literature evaluating the potential applications of regulating and promoting e-NOS activity in liver preservation and transplantation, showing the most current evidence to support the concept that enhanced bioavailability of NO derived from e-NOS is detrimental to ameliorate graft liver preservation, as well as preventing subse- quent graft reperfusion injury. This review deals mainly with the beneficial effects of promoting ＂endogenous＂ pathways for NO generation, via e-NOS inducer drugs in cold preservation solution, surgical strategies such as ischemic preconditioning, and alternative ＂exogenous＂ pathways that focus on the enrichment of cold storage liquid with NO donors. Finally, we also provide a basic bench-to-bed side summary of the liver physiology and cell signalling mechanisms that account for explaining the e-NOS protective effects in liver preservation and transplantation.

CS_2 extraction and FTIR & GC/MS analysis of a Chinese brown coal

The abundance of low-rank coals in China, such as bituminous and brown coals, makes studies of their composition and structure of great significance to both coal chemistry research and for efficient utilization of the coal. We describe how a Chinese brown coal was ultrasonically extracted with carbon disulfide （CS2） and the raw and extracted coals were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FTIR）. The corresponding extract was analyzed with a coupled gas chromatograph mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. The FTIR analysis shows a great abundance of amidocyanogen, carbonyl, aromatic and hetero aromatic rings and single carbon-beteroatom bonds. This suggests the possible occurrence of compounds like alcohols, phenols, amines, esters, carboxylic acids, ethers, aromatics or heteroaromatics. The GC/MS analysis of the CS2 extract detected 62 compounds, among which the non-polar ones were of lower abundance while the polar ones were in higher abundance and were structurally diverse. This demonstrates the compositional and structural complexity of Shengli coal.

Tupu methods of spatial-temporal pattern on land use change:a case study in the Yellow River Delta

Comprehensive study on land-use change of spatial pattern and temporal process is the key component in LUCC study nowadays. Based on the theories and methods of Geo-information Tupu (Carto-methodology in Geo-information, CMGI), integration of spatial pattern and temporal processes of land-use change in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) are studied in the paper, which is supported by ERDAS and ARC/INFO software. The main contents include: (1) concept models of Tupu by spatial-temporal integration on land-use change, whose Tupu unit is synthesized by "Spatial·Attribute·Process" features and composed of relatively homogeneous geographical unit and temporal unit; (2) data sources and handling process, where four stages of spatial features in 1956, 1984, 1991, and 1996 are acquired; (3) integration of series of temporal-spatial Tupu, reconstruction series of "Arising" Tupu, spatial-temporal Process Tupu and the spatial temporal Pattern Tupu on land-use change by remap tables; (4) Pattern Tupu analysis on land-use change in YRD during 1956-1996; and (5) spatial difference of the Pattern Tupu analysis by dynamic Tupu units. The various landform units and seven sub-deltas generated by the Yellow River since 1855 are different. The Tupu analysis on land-use in the paper is a promising try on the comprehensive research of "spatial pattern of dynamic process" and "temporal process of spatial pattern" in LUCC research. The Tupu methodology would be a powerful and efficient tool on integrated studies of spatial pattern and temporal process in Geo-science.

Influence of coal blending on mineral transformation at high temperatures

Transformation of mineral matter is important for coal utilization at high temperatures.This is especially true for blended coal.XRD and FTIR were employed together to study the transformation of mineral matter at high temperature in blended coals.It was found that the concentration of catalytic minerals, namely iron oxides, increases with an increasing ratio of Shenfu coal, which could improve coal gasification.The transformation characteristics of the minerals in blended coals are not exactly predictable from the blend ratio.This was proved by comparing the iron oxide content to the blending ratio.The results from FTIR are comparable with those from XRD.FTIR is an effective method for examining variation in mineral matter.