Jack London was one of the outstanding American writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Call of the Wild which was based on the Klondike Gold Rush, was the most famous and popular one in China....Jack London was one of the outstanding American writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Call of the Wild which was based on the Klondike Gold Rush, was the most famous and popular one in China. These years, lots of scholars have discussed it from various aspects, such as the contents, the themes, the writing styles and its characters. In this short novel, the protagonist Buck is humanized by the author. He is endowed with lots of human qualities, such as loyalty, brave, self-esteem, intelligence and so on. What are the reasons of humanization of the dog protagonist.？ Finding out the reasons could help us understand this novel better and it may offer some references for the research on Jack London＇ s animal novels.展开更多
Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations.Latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary infer...Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations.Latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences,particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges.We tested whether the latitudinal dines influence comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris.Methods Senecio vulgaris is native to Europe but has been introduced in northeastern and southwestern China.To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and reproduction between native European populations and introduced Chinese populations,we compared plant height,number of branches and number of capitula in field populations in native and introduced ranges and in a common garden in Switzerland.Important Findings The introduced Chinese populations performed better than the native European populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula,which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of the increased competitive ability(EICA)hypothesis.The Chinese populations produced more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison.When we compared the traits of the northeastern Chinese,southwestern Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden,the northeastern Chinese populations,at latitudes similar to those of the European populations,exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden.However,the southwestern Chinese populations,at latitudes much lower than those of the European populations,did not perform better than the native populations in terms of reproduction.In conclusion,our results suggest that latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.展开更多
文摘Jack London was one of the outstanding American writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Call of the Wild which was based on the Klondike Gold Rush, was the most famous and popular one in China. These years, lots of scholars have discussed it from various aspects, such as the contents, the themes, the writing styles and its characters. In this short novel, the protagonist Buck is humanized by the author. He is endowed with lots of human qualities, such as loyalty, brave, self-esteem, intelligence and so on. What are the reasons of humanization of the dog protagonist.？ Finding out the reasons could help us understand this novel better and it may offer some references for the research on Jack London＇ s animal novels.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30670359 and 31700326)the 111 project(B13008)Beijing Advanced Innovation Program for Land Surface Science and the State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology.
文摘Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations.Latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences,particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges.We tested whether the latitudinal dines influence comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris.Methods Senecio vulgaris is native to Europe but has been introduced in northeastern and southwestern China.To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and reproduction between native European populations and introduced Chinese populations,we compared plant height,number of branches and number of capitula in field populations in native and introduced ranges and in a common garden in Switzerland.Important Findings The introduced Chinese populations performed better than the native European populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula,which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of the increased competitive ability(EICA)hypothesis.The Chinese populations produced more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison.When we compared the traits of the northeastern Chinese,southwestern Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden,the northeastern Chinese populations,at latitudes similar to those of the European populations,exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden.However,the southwestern Chinese populations,at latitudes much lower than those of the European populations,did not perform better than the native populations in terms of reproduction.In conclusion,our results suggest that latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.
