房地产的公共物品性质及其政策干预研究

近几年来,房价飚升是我国房地产业存在的一种普遍现象。剖析房价虚高的根本原因,一方面是政府抑制房价的行为遭到了既得利益集团的阻挠,另一方面则是未能完全吃透房地产中的公共经济学原理,尚未找到坚实的理论依据。因此,必须明确房地产的公共物品性质,在市场经济配置此类资源严重失灵的情况下,必须引入必要的政策干预措施。

我国公共体育场馆性质辨析

我国公共体育场馆的资产是非经营性国有资产 ;公共体育场馆提供的物品从事实存在和规范要求两方面来判断 ,大多数是公共物品和准公共物品。因此 ,我国公共体育场馆属体育事业单位。

县域水利工程物品特性分析与管理模式探讨

分析了农村水利工程在前期建设资金投入、施工期间的技术监督和竣工后的工程设施管理与重建工作中面临的诸多问题,然后根据水利工程物品的性质将其分成私人物品、准公共物品、公共物品和混合公共物品4类;水利工程管理可分为私营管理模式和用水户协会管理模式两类。

论社会保险的公共品性与政府管理

本文以中国社会保险的实际状况为背景 ,从社会保险本身的基本目标、基本功能、基本特征、运行机制与方式、社会保险基金的运动过程与规律等方面具体考察政府与社会保险的关系 ,分析和讨论其对社会保险承担的各种管理职责的具体内容与方式。其目的在于划定劳动者个人、单位与企业、政府在社会保险中的职责的“边界” 。

环境问题的制度经济分析

环境问题是一个和人类文明一样古老的问题，我们可以从古罗马的历史资料及英国维多利亚时期的文学作品中找到大量的有关环境污染的记载。在迄今为止的人类文明史中，环境质量并没有随着物质和精神文明的进步而改善，相反却呈不断恶化的趋势，这种现象有其深刻的制度、经济...

我国药品价格规制政策的演进与展望

由于药品兼具产品专属性、质量重要性、时限性、公益性,并兼具私人物品和公共物品性质,长期以来,药品价格一直是政府价格规制的重点和难点之一。近年来,随着医疗费用和药品负担比例的快速上涨,药品价格虚高、患者药品消费过重、医保开支增速失控、政府降低药价引发大量常用药断供、外资药企全面控制制药产业等问题日益突出,引发了社会各届对药价监管政策的种种议论。2015年5月4日。

高等教育的投资意义

大学具有私人物品性质和公共物品性质。前者决定了上大学需要交学费,后者决定了政府需要投资大学教育。学费的变化是个相对价格问题,具有分配效应。学费应因时合理而变,正确体现个人与国家的智力投资成水平。我们为什么要上大学?这是一个很简单的问题,也是一个很深刻的问题。学生说。

Investigation of Punica granatum L.Germplasm Resources in Binchuan and Comparative Analysis of Major Fruit Qualities

[Objective] This study aimed to provide a basis for enriching the Punica granatum L. germplasm resources through investigating Punica granatum L. vari- eties in Binchuan. [Method] In this study, biological traits of Punica granatum L. vari- eties in Binchuan （including two local varieties-＇Binchuan Red Coat＇ and ＇Binchuan Green Coat＇, ＇Cyan Coat and Soft Seeds＇ and ＇Little Red Coat＇ introduced from Huili, Sichuan, ＇Acid Pomegranate＇ introduced from Shandong Province and ＂Ma Pomegranate＂ from Fengqiu, Henan） were investigated and their major fruit qualities were also analyzed. [Result] ＂Cyan Coat and Soft Seeds＇ and ＂Ma Pomegranate＇ grew well with good fruit quality, which adapted well to the climate and environment in Binchuan; ＂Little Red Coat＇ showed average performance in growth and major fruit qualities with inferior flavour; ＂Binchuan Red Coat＇ and ＇Binchuan Green Coat＇ also showed average performance in major fruit qualities and and inferior flavour; ＇Acid Pomegranate＇ grew while was inferior in flavour. [Conclusion] This study pro- vides references for presenting the directions for studies of P. granatum L. germplasm resources and determining the genetic relationship among germplasm resources, as well as breeding, introduction and cultivation of P. granatum L., further providing a variety basis for pomegranate production.

Understanding the influence of microwave on the relative volatility used in the pyrolysis of Indonesia oil sands

In this paper, pyrolysis of Indonesian oil sands （lOS） was investigated by two different heating methods to develop a better understanding of the microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behaviors of lOS, showing that 550 ℃ might be the pyrolysis final temperature. A explanation of the heat-mass transfer process was presented to demonstrate the influence of mi- crowave-assisted pyrolysis on the liquid product distribution. The heat-mass transfer model was also useful to explain the increase of liquid product yield and heavy component content at the same heating rate by two differ- ent heating methods. Experiments were carried out using a fixed bed reactor with and without the microwave irradiation. The results showed that liquid product yield was increased during microwave induced pyrolysis, while the formation of gas and solid residue was reduced in comparison with the conventional pyrolysis. Moreover, the liquid product characterization by elemental analysis and GC-MS indicated the significant effect on the liquid chemical composition by microwave irradiation. High polarity substances （ε 〉 10 at 25 ℃）, such as oxy- organics were increased, while relatively low polarity substances （ε 〈 2 at 25℃）, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons were decreased, suggesting that microwave enhanced the relative volatility of high polarity substances. The yield improvement and compositional variations in the liquid product promoted by the microwave-assisted pyrolysis deserve the further exploitation in the future,

Physical Properties in Drying of Food Products with Combined Sublimation and Evaporation

Drying is an important unit operation in processing of biological resources. The drying process may influence the product properties and quality, which may shrink, break or undergo rheological, physical and biochemical changes. The important parameters responsible for such changes are drying conditions, type of drying technology and residence drying time. Thermal conductivity, thermal-mass diffusivity, enthalpy, porosity and density are the main material property and heat-mass transfer parameters, which are essential for understanding the changes in product quality and for designing and dimensioning the drying processes. In this paper physical properties of food products undergoing a combined sublimation and evaporation were studied. Pieces of vegetables and potatoes were dried in a heat pump fluidized bed dryer at combined modes with temperatures below the freezing point in the beginning and a final drying step at temperatures above the freezing point. Samples of products were tested at different moisture contents with respect to physical properties. Physical properties of leek and potato samples were measured and mass diffusivities were determined from drying kinetic data. Based on bulk density and rehydration measurements it was clearly observed that drying temperature and modes influenced the final product physical properties. The potato cube run dried with initial atmospheric freeze-drying step had rehydration ability 430%above a run dried only above the freezing point. The average effective mass diffusivity for 5 mm slabs of leek was 0.5 x 10-11m2·s-1 for the sublimation stage and 2.2 x 10-11m2·s-1 for the evaporation stage.

Effect of Cereal Brans Supplementation on Quality Characteristics of Various Indigenous Products

The effect of using different cereal brans （wheat, rice, oat and their combination） at different levels （0, 5, 10%） in different indigenous products （Balushahi, Mathi, Kulcha and Paratha） on color, texture and sensory quality was studied. The addition of cereal bran decreased the ＂L＂ values and increased the ＂a＂ value of all the developed indigenous products. Supplementation of different cereal bran had significant effect on texture of the developed indigenous products. Overall hardness of the products decreased with addition of cereal brans. Among various cereal bran levels used, 10% supplementation showed maximum hardness in all types of products. Cereal bran supplementation significantly improved the protein and fibre content of all indigenous products. On the basis of physical analysis and sensory attributes, it was concluded that cereal brans can be substituted upto 5% （rice bran and bran in combination） and 10% levels （wheat bran and oat bran） in whole wheat flour and maida for developing indigenous products without adversely affecting quality attributes.

On the intraspecific variability in basal metabolism and the food habits hypothesis in birds

The food habits hypothesis （FHH） stands as one of the most striking and often-cited interspecific patterns to emerge from comparative studies of endothermic energetics. The FHH identifies three components of diet that potentially produce variability in mass-independent BMR, i.e. food quality, food availability, and food predictability or environmental productivity. The hypothesis predicts that species with diets of low energy content and/or low digestibility should evolve low mass-independent BMRs. The effects of food habits on BMR have been widely investigated at the interspecific level, but the variation between individuals and populations has been largely ignored. Our focus is to compare predictions derived from interspecific studies with data collected from within-species studies to explore the mechanisms and functional significance of adaptive responses predicted by the food-habits hypothesis among birds. We conclude that if BMR is correlated with daily energy expenditure, then organisms that can lower BMR will reduce daily energy expenditure and hence, food requirements. Birds that lower BMR in stressful environments may increase survival. Nevertheless, the mechanism （s） by which birds eating a low quality diet reduce BMR and whether lower BMR affects fitness remain to be determined [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 759-766, 2010].

Evaluation of Some Physical Properties of Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.）

Cucumber is one of the important vegetables in many countries. Information about physical properties of cucumber is necessary for designing, grading, sorting and processing operations. In this study, some physical properties such as diameter, length, height, and weight of three varieties of cucumber （Green Gold, Dharwad, and Super Dominus） were measured. The results revealed that there was no significant difference （P〈0.01） in the density values of the studied varieties, but regarding other physical properties there were a significant difference （P〈0.01） among them. The average density for Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus were 0.98, 0.95 and 0.94 g/cm^3, respectively. Green Gold cucumber had the highest diameter, volume, weight, flesh diameter, geometric mean diameter and sphericity. Dharwad and Super Dominus varieties with 15.49 cm length and 4.61 length to diameter ratio had the highest length and length to diameter ratio, respectively. Smallest skin thickness （1.48 cm） was for Super Dominus. Surface area of Green Gold, Dharwad and Super Dominus were 192.29, 192.4 and 131.2 cm^2. As well as there was a high and positive correlation between weight and volume in the studied varieties. There was a non-significant and low correlation （0.56） between diameter and length in Super Dominus. There was also a high and positive correlation between diameter and geometric mean diameter in all the varieties.

Effects of Cold Storage on Quality Traits of Sardinian Myrtle （Myrtus communis L.） Berries and Their Alcoholic Extracts

Myrtus communis L. is a spontaneous aromatic plant typical of the Mediterranean area. Myrtle berries hydrodistilled products and ethanolic extracts are mainly used as flavouring agents and food supplements. This study evaluated the effect of long-term storage on the quality-related properties of myrtle berries. Storage at 2 ~C for three months effbctively preserved myrtle berries quality, both in the chemical composition and external appearance. No symptoms of chilling injury and decay occurred during the first two months of storage, at the end of storage only the 1.3% of rotting was detected. Total anthocyanic content and anthocyanin glycosides diminished whereas the antioxidant capacity increased in all samples till the end of storage. The antioxidant properties of myrtle berries were not correlated with the anthocyanic fraction. The pH of myrtle berries decreased, while gluconic acid levels increased. The results reported in this paper showed that the storage at 2 ~C for three months appears to be an effective way to preserve myrtle berries quality. The changes in the chemical composition of the fruits subjected to storage had revealed the importance of gluconic acid and pH for myrtle quality assessment. These two parameters can be used as quality markers since a strong relationship has been found between myrtle decay and the changes in these parameters,

Eggs as a Very Promising Source of Biomedical and Nutraceutical Preparations： A Review

It is generally accepted that eggs besides being a source of everyday diet, can also be used as raw material for special food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic production. The biological activity of the majority of substances presented in egg matter is related to their anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties and their immunogenic features as well. Due to the use of new generation of feed additives and techniques of immunisation of hens, the chemical composition and biological features of eggs may be modified and enriched with desired components, like n-3 fatty acids （alpha-linolenic acid （ALA）, docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） phospholipids）, vitamins, microelements. Egg material may also be used for the production of new biopreparations for the prophylaxis of various civilisation diseases, such as heart and cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurogenerative disorders, metabolic bone diseases etc.. New progress in egg science allowed to discover new bioactive substances, like monomeric and dimeric cystatin and yolkin. It is necessary to develop efficient methods of isolation of biologically active substances contained in eggs, which would make it possible to produce new generation of diet supplements and biomedical products. It seems that new generation of eggs could be the best source for production of natural, high value nutraceutical supplements of diet, and also biomedical and biocosmetic preparations.

Separation and Purification of Tobacco Peroxidase I from Nicotiana Tobaccum

A new isoenzyme of tobacco peroxidase(TOP) I was purified from tobacco (K326) by using acetone powder, ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose, Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. It is an iron-protein containing haemachrome, whose molecular weight is 21888.5 and the isoelectric point is 3.5. The optimum pH value and temperature of this enzyme is 6.0 and 45℃respectively. The enzyme is stable in the pH range from 3.0 to 10.0 and has a favorable thermostability.

Effect of Radiant Energy Vacuum on Physical and Microbial Properties of Beef Jerky

To test the feasibility of radiant energy vacuum （REV） dehydration, a technology that couples microwave cooking with vacuum pressure, on beef jerky preparation, the physical and microbial properties of the final jerky product was compared to conventional preparation methods. Physical characteristics assessed using puncture and shear tests of samples prepared using REV dehydration compared to the traditional method were not statistically different （P 〈 0.05）. Moisture content and water activity levels were also very similar between the two products, To test microbiological quality, samples were homogenized in a stomacher and a variety of 3 M Petrifilms were used to evaluate the microbial load. Raw beef harboured low numbers of microbes, but the post-marination pasteurization/smoking step used in both treatments eliminated all culturable microorganisms tested for. To further investigate the ability of REV dehydration to kill microbes, samples were spiked with Listeria innocua after the pasteurization/smoking step but prior to REV dehydration. Samples were taken at different time intervals for microbial enumeration, and a decimal reduction time of 1 min was calculated, with 99.99% of 1.98 × 10^7 CFU g^-1 Listeria being killed in five min. Improved drying times were observed for jerky samples prepared using the REV method offering potential energy savings during jerky preparation.

Investigations on the Thermodynamic Stability and Availability of Nutrients for Plants by Humic Substances Extracted from Peat Samples

This work evaluated the complexation capacity, exchange constants and availability of micronutrients for plants and humic substances extracted from peat samples. Samples of humic substances extracted from two tropical peats （HS-P1 and HS-P2） were enriched with the micronutrients Cu（II）, Co（II）, Fe（II）, Mn（II）, Ni（II） and Zn（II） and the parameters for formation of the complexes （HS-N） were evaluated at different pH. The Scatchard model was used to calculate the maximum complexation capacity and the nutrient availability was studied using exchange capacity experiments based on ultrafiltration procedure. The optimum pH for complexation was 4.5 and the order of affinity was： Fe（II） 〉 Cu（II） 〉 Co（II） 〉 Mn（II） = Ni（II） 〉 Zn（II）. The maximum complexation capacity reached 56.8 mg·g-1 Fe of HS-P1 （the highest） and 1.7 mg.g1 Zn of HS-P2 （the slightest）. The exchange experiments showed that HS-P-Fe complexes were formed preferentially. The least stable complex was formed with Zn, which was therefore, more easily available. The results contribute to understand the behavior and availability of some nutrients in soils.

论刑法中的没收犯罪物品

没收犯罪物品在各国刑法中的定位是不同的。应将没收犯罪物品作为与没收财产刑相对应的特别没收,属于一种特殊的刑罚,并将其规定为与没收财产刑相并列的特殊附加刑。刑法要详细规定没收犯罪物品的适用对象、适用条件、适用原则、适用程序,使其可以广泛地适用于单位犯罪,克服单位犯罪刑罚单一的现状。