现代主义绘画的多视点平面与物性空间的凸显

现代主义绘画抵制对外在自然和人类场景的再现,力图回到绘画本身,并以多视点的平面建构自身的物性空间。首先,现代主义绘画自觉地抵制透视建构的深度空间和物象的体量,从而超越三维空间营造的幻象,凸显感性平面的物质形式,力图摆脱成为物质能指的命运。其次,现代主义绘画颠覆了焦点透视的等级性空间,呈现一个具有多样性和统一性并存的多视点空间。这样的画面抵制物质能指的线性阅读模式,为观者提供了自由观看的机遇。最后,现代主义绘画运用视觉元素的一致性和对比性,构建了一个由张力形成的效果化空间。这种张力的效果不可被语言陈述,只能被身体体验。身体的介入最终使多视点平面呈现出物性审美的意义。

电影《推拿》中物性空间的功能与意义分析

电影《推拿》以"沙宗琪"的盲人推拿师为主人公,按其活动区域,片中的物性空间可分为交界空间、内部空间和外部空间三类。本文先是对各类叙事空间的功能做了具体分析,指出交界空间淡化了盲人的特殊之处,关注其寻常一面;内部空间剥离了盲人的坚强外壳,发掘其无力之感;外部空间则凸显了盲人的个体身份,书写其社会困境。后又将它们整合起来,考量总体意义指向,认为影片探讨了盲人是如何被主流社会剥夺权利并与之对抗的。

现代社会空间的历史生成逻辑探析

现代资本主义的空间扩张一方面改变了传统社会空间的结构要素,另一方面导致了作为社会空间表征的城市空间的物性化。随着资本逻辑在空间领域的延伸,现代城市空间呈现为一个由中心向四围逐级扩散的结构,这种结构一方面导致了劳动阶级的分化,另一方面也引发了垄断性的空间聚集。社会空间在资本的渗透下所形成的物性化现象成为当代资本主义的最终垄断结果,使现代社会空间最终被经济的空间形态所取代。

现代主义绘画中线条的物性美及其身体转向

现代主义绘画中的线条不是意义的载体,而是有着自身的物性美。首先,线条具有超越符号系统的维度,即线条既非模仿的产物,亦非单纯的内在性投射,而是超越二元对立的情感激荡的产物,逃离了语言的可读性。其次,线条具有召唤绘画视觉的维度,即通过扭曲变形,线条摆脱既定的文化编码,超越阅读行为中的经济原则,从而违反日常视觉,召唤直面线条的绘画视觉。第三,线条具有引发身体运动的维度,即作为独立之物,线条要求观者遵循自身的敞开之欲望,而观者通过积极的被动性服从,以身体性在场的方式参与着线条的呈现,并获得审美快感。正是在线条与观者的双重在场下,线条的物性美才得以实现。

相互烛照的复式空间——《贫民窟的百万富翁》的接受之维

《贫民窟的百万富翁》是一部多文化交融的影片,其运用镜头语言所创造的独具特色的复式空间更是此片耀眼之处,尤其是当观赏者在接受过程中主体性介入与解读时,印度深层文化内蕴便从细节的叙事中流溢于影片。

论电影《小武》中人物存在的三种空间

《小武》是贾樟柯的成名作。贾樟柯在电影中围绕着人物建构了三种空间:物性空间的建构展现了小武面对时代变化的茫然无措;情感空间体现主人公情感消亡后的身份焦虑;语言空间表达了意识形态对个体精神的挤压及底层话语对主流话语的解构。贾樟柯透过《小武》表现出了对普通民众的关注与同情以及他对社会转型的深刻反思。

Neural Network Ensemble Residual Kriging Application for Spatial Variability of Soil Properties

High quality, agricultural nutrient distribution maps are necessary for precision management, but depend on initial soil sample analyses and interpolation techniques. To examine the methodologies for and explore the capability of interpolating soil properties based on neural network ensemble residual kriging, a silage field at Hayes, Northern Ireland, UK, was selected for this study with all samples being split into independent training and validation data sets. The training data set, comprised of five soil properties: soil pH, soil available P, soil available K, soil available Mg and soil available S,was modeled for spatial variability using 1) neural network ensemble residual kriging, 2) neural network ensemble and 3) kriging with their accuracies being estimated by means of the validation data sets. Ordinary kriging of the residuals provided accurate local estimates, while final estimates were produced as a sum of the artificial neural network (ANN)ensemble estimates and the ordinary kriging estimates of the residuals. Compared to kriging and neural network ensemble,the neural network ensemble residual kriging achieved better or similar accuracy for predicting and estimating contour maps. Thus, the results demonstrated that ANN ensemble residual kriging was an efficient alternative to the conventional geo-statistical models that were usually used for interpolation of a data set in the soil science area.

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages in a subtropical small stream of the Huangshan Mountain

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages were investigated seasonally from May 2007 to February 2008 across 11 study sites in a subtropical small stream, the Puxi Stream, of the Huangshan Mountain. Along the longitudinal gradient from headwater to downstream, fish species richness and abundance increased gradually, but then decreased significantly at the lower reaches. The highest species richness and abundance were observed in August and the lowest in February. Based on analysis of similarities （ANOSIM）, fish assemblages were significantly different in spatial variation but not in temporal variation. Although differences were observed both among sites and among stream orders, the lower R value in order-variation suggested stream order was not the optimal factor explaining the spatial variation of fish assemblages. In addition, dam construction did not significantly alter fish assemblages in the sites adjacent to and immediately downstream to dams. Using cluster analysis and non-metric Multi Dimensional Scaling analysis （NMS）, assemblages were separated into three groups at a Bray-Curtis similarity value of 42%： the upper, middle and lower groups. Following analysis of similarity percentages of species contributions （SIM- PER）, shifts in occurrence or abundance of S. curriculus, Z. platypus, R. bitterling and A. fasciatus contributed most to the differences amongst the three groups. Standard Deviation Redundancy Analysis （RDA） suggested that habitat structure （such as elevation, substrate, and flow velocity） contributed to the spatial and temporal pattem of fish assemblages in the Puxi Stream. In conclusion, the fish assemblages in Puxi Stream presented significant spatial but not temporal variation. Human disturbance has perhaps induced the decrease in species diversity in the lower reaches. However, no significant change was observed for fish assemblages in sites far from and immediately downstream from low-head dams [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 670-677, 2010].

Spatial and seasonal distribution of macroinvertebrates in high altitude reservoir (Beyler Reservoir, Turkey)

A highland reservoir in the West Black Sea region of Turkey which belongs to the Mediterranean climatic zone was examined.Both littoral and profundal zones were sampled from October 2009 to September 2010,to determine taxonomic composition,biodiversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates as well as the seasonal variation of these measures.A total of 35 taxa were identified,of which 12 belong to Chironomidae and 10 to Oligochaeta groups.The highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates were found at the littoral stations.Macroinvertebrates showed significant positive correlations with water temperature and NO_2 and NO_3 concentrations,and negative correlation with dissolved oxygen.

Spatial Correlation and Ecological Characteristics Analysis of Man-agement Area for Biodiversity Conservation and Relevant Regionalization

Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in China.In order to clarify the interrelation among key ecological zone plans,this paper carried out the research on spatial relation of priority areas of biodiversity conservation and three key ecological areas(key ecological function areas,key regions of ecological service function,national nature reserves)and the research on ecological conditions,based on multi-scale ecological spatial theme information,which incorporates elements like ecological quality and type,and by the aid of spatial information analysis and GIS modeling.The results showed a contrastively fine spatial consistency with 68.8%of priority areas of biodiversity conservation overlapping with three key ecological areas.Although the environment in priority areas of biodiversity conservation were in good conditions,protection pressure is also increasing,powerful supervision and protection should not be ignored.The environmental conditions in the overlapping areas,as a whole,were superior to those in the non-overlapping areas.Since two areas have different characteristics,targeted protection measures should be formulated based on this difference,which will be very important for biodiversity conservation in priority areas of biodiversity conservation.

Spatial heterogeneity in a deep artificial lake plankton community revealed by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting

To explore the spatial heterogeneity of plankton communities in a deep artificial lake （Songhua Lake, China）, samples were collected at seven sites. Samples were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S and 18S rRNA genes and specific bands were sequenced. Cluster analysis of the DGGE profiles revealed that all of the samples grouped into two distinct clusters, in accordance with sampling site; while in each cluster, the divergence of sub-clusters correlated with sampling depth. Sequence analysis of selected dominant DGGE bands revealed that most sequenced phylotypes （84%） exhibited 〉97% similarity to the closest sequences in GenBank, and were affiliated with ten common freshwater plankton phyla （Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cryptophyta, Ciliophora, Stramenopiles, and Rotifera）. Several of these groups are also found worldwide, indicating the cosmopolitan distribution of the phylotypes. The relationships between DGGE patterns and environmental factors were analyzed by redundancy analysis （RDA）. The results suggested that, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, temperature were strongly correlated with the variation ammonia, and CODMn concentrations, and water in plankton composition.

Measurement and analysis of soil nitrogen and organic matter content using near-infrared spectroscopy techniques

Near infrared reflectance （N1R） spectroscopy is as a rapid, convenient and simple nondestructive technique useful for quantifying several soil properties. This method was used to estimate nitrogen （N） and organic matter （OM） content in a soil of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou County. A total of 125 soil samples were taken from the field. Ninety-five samples spectra were used during the calibration and cross validation stage. Thirty samples spectra were used to predict N and OM concentration. NIR spectra of these samples were correlated using partial least square regression. The regression coefficients between measured and predicted values of N and OM was 0.92 and 0.93, and SEP （standard error of prediction） were 3.28 and 0.06, respectively, which showed that NIR method had potential to accurately predict these constituents in this soil. The results showed that NIR spectroscopy could be a good tool for precision farming application.

Spacial Distribution Characteristics, Activity and Degradation Capability of the Biofilm in Integrated Vertical-flow Constructed Wetland

The spacial distribution characteristics, activity and degradation capability of the biofilm in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland were investigated. Results showed that the biofilm widely distributed in the substrate of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland and mainly in the 0-10 cm top layer where the activity ofdehydrogenase of the biofilm was also higher than that of other layers. The water quality could also affect the activity of the biofilm, for the TF（1,3,5-Triphenylformazan） amount reduced by the biofim incubated in water of the higher eutrophication was larger, too. The PCP （pentachlorophenol） removal rate by the substrate with biofilm was 1.5 times that without biofilm. In total, the biofilm of the down-flow chamber appeared larger biomass, higher dehydrogenase activity and stronger degradation capability of organic contamination than that in up-flow chamber and it was the major place for removal of the organic matters in waste water.

A Class Curves with Some Geometric and Physical Properties in a Higher Dimensional Space

In this paper, we have considered a class curves with some geometric properties in a higher dimensional space and obtained the differential equation of such a class curves, which are called the hyperbolas. We have considered also hyperbola-preserving conformal transformation and the relevant physical sense. And therefore obtained other invariant properties under the illustrious concircular transformation.

解读日本动画电影《龙猫》的奇幻叙事

《龙猫》是日本名导宫崎骏创作的一部动画影片,这位享誉全球的创作大师擅于将对人类生存与发展问题的思考赋予动画中,使动画具有独特的想象力与深厚的人文思想。《龙猫》是他所有名作中最温馨恬淡的一部,影片采用儿童切入奇幻世界的设定,通过几无对立冲突的情节完成了叙事。本文以影片中的物性场景空间和精神价值空间作为切入口论述其叙事思路,并分析影片如何将现实与虚幻、欢乐与悲伤贯穿于叙事中,形成其独特的魅力。

Effects of Spatial Information of Soil Physical Properties on Hydrological Modeling Based on a Distributed Hydrological Model

The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial information (STMB) versus refined spatial information map (RSIM)) of soil physical properties, including field capacity, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are used respectively as input data for Water Flow Model for Lake Catchment (WATLAC) to determine their effectiveness in simulating hydrological processes and to expound the effects on model performance in terms of estimating groundwater recharge, soil evaporation, runoff generation as well as partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow. The results show that: 1) the simulated stream flow hydrographs based on the STMB and RSIM soil data reproduce the observed hydrographs well. There is no significant increase in model accuracy as more precise soil physical properties information being used, but WATLAC model using the RSIM soil data could predict more runoff volume and reduce the relative runoff depth errors; 2) the groundwater recharges have a consistent trend for both cases, while the STMB soil data tend to produce higher groundwater recharges than the RSIM soil data. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual groundwater recharge is significantly affected by the spatial distribution of soil physical properties; 3) the soil evaporation simulated using the STMB and RSIM soil data are similar to each other, and the spatial distribution patterns are also insensitive to the spatial information of soil physical properties; and 4) although the different spatial information of soil physical properties does not cause apparent difference in overall stream flow, the partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow is distinct. The implications of this study are that the refined spatial information of soil physical properties does not necessarily contribute to a more accurate prediction of stream flow, and the selection of appropriate soil physical property data needs to consider the scale of watersheds and the level of accuracy required.

Why women see differently from the way men see? A review of sex differences in cognition and sports

The differences of learning and memory between males and females have been well documented and confirmed by both human and animal studies. The sex differences in cognition started from early stage of neuronal development and last through entire lifespan. The major biological basis of the gender-dependent cognitive activity includes two major components： sex hormone and sex-related characteristics, such as sex- determining region of the Y chromosome （SRY） protein. However, the knowledge of how much biology of sex contributes to normal cogni- tive function and elite athletes in various sports are still pretty limited. In this review, we will be focusing on sex differences in spatial learning and memory -- especially the role of male- and female-type cognitive behaviors in sports.

Spatial distribution and environmental characterization of sediment-associated metals from middle-downstream of Xiangjiang River,southern China

The contamination and environmental risk assessment of the toxic elements in sediments from the middle-downstream (Zhuzhou-Changsha section) of the Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province of China were studied. The results show that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are major contaminants in sediments, and average concentrations of these elements significantly exceed both the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge of China (GB4284-84) for agricultural use in acidic soils and the effect range median (ERM) values. The average concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the river water slightly exceed the limit of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002). The concentrations of As and Cr in depth profiles extensively change, but slight changes are observed in Pb and Zn. Cd and Zn in most sediment samples can easily enter the food-chain and bring possible ecotoxicological risk to organisms living in sediments according to the risk assessment code.

A GIS Model for Analyzing Airspace Obstructions and Safety near Airports

The purpose of Federal Aviation Regulations Part 77, entitled ＂Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace＂, is to identify potential hazards and prevent adverse impacts to the safe and efficient use of navigable airspace. The OIS （obstruction identification surfaces） represent these regulations, identify objects that penetrate these imaginary surfaces, evaluate hazardous effects, and ensure safe separations of aircraft from obstructions. The OIS evaluation is often used for selecting airfield locations and runway orientations. More importantly, the OIS evaluation is an airport＇s safeguard against flawed urban development, especially for airports near rapidly expanding cities. Without accurate analysis tools, hand-calculation errors on the OIS can occur and cause adverse impacts to airport safety. Applying the GIS （geographic information system） features of geospatial data and 3D formats, this paper proposes a model named GIS Obstruction Model which is capable of precisely calculating maximum allowable heights and creating visual imagery of penetrating obstructions. The special features of the model include web-based design, adaptability to any airport, user-friendly multiple inquiry methods, quick response to online inquiries, and response with 3D visual reality. The proposed G1S Obstruction Model is useful for airport planning, architecture design, safety management or civil engineering permit review.

Flat Currents of Green-Schwarz Superstring in AdS2 × S^2 Background

From the κ symmetric action of IIB string in AdS2 × S^2 background given by Zhou, we derive the equations of motion. By using the twisted dual transformation which was introduced by Hou, we construct the flat currents, conserving non-local charge with one free parameter, for the superstring in AdS2 × S^2.