针对耕地土壤Cd、Pb污染问题,选取3种提取剂(提取剂Ⅰ:1.0 mol/L NaOH;提取剂Ⅱ:0.1 mol/L NaOH+0.1 mol/L Na 4 P 2 O 7;提取剂Ⅲ:0.1 mol/L KOH+0.1 mol/L K 4P 2O 7)分别从5种物料中(风化褐煤、污泥、鸡粪、泥炭土、牛粪)中提取腐殖...针对耕地土壤Cd、Pb污染问题,选取3种提取剂(提取剂Ⅰ:1.0 mol/L NaOH;提取剂Ⅱ:0.1 mol/L NaOH+0.1 mol/L Na 4 P 2 O 7;提取剂Ⅲ:0.1 mol/L KOH+0.1 mol/L K 4P 2O 7)分别从5种物料中(风化褐煤、污泥、鸡粪、泥炭土、牛粪)中提取腐殖质(HS)淋洗去除土壤中的Cd、Pb。结果表明,不同提取剂及物料中提取出的HS性质差异大,其中风化褐煤提取的HS总有机碳(TOC)含量最高;不同HS淋洗对土壤pH的影响总体不大;用提取剂Ⅱ从风化褐煤中提取的HS(HMⅡ)对Cd的淋洗去除率最高(45.09%),用提取剂Ⅲ从风化褐煤中提取的HS(HMⅢ)对Pb的淋洗去除率最高(30.01%)。从Cd、Pb淋洗去除效率、淋洗后土壤结构变化以及耕地使用功能上综合考虑,HMⅢ更适合做土壤重金属污染修复淋洗剂。展开更多
Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. ...Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of water-soluble extracts from single protein source(single extract pellets) and the mixture of these extracts with different proportions(blended extract pellets) in juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus). Then according to the palatability of blended extract pellets, an optimal mixture proportion was selected, and a new protein source made from raw protein materials with the selected proportion was formulated to replace fishmeal. Summarily, the palatability of single extract pellets for turbot was descendent from fishmeal to pet-food grade poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Subsequently, according to the palatability of single extract pellets, 52 kinds of blended extract pellets were designed to test their palatability. The results showed that the pellets presented remarkably different palatability, and the optimal one was diet 52(wheat gluten meal: pet-food grade poultry by-product meal: meat and bone meal: corn gluten meal = 1:6:1:2). The highest ingestion ratio(the number of pellets ingested/the number of pellets fed) was 0.73 ± 0.03, which was observed in Diet 52. Then five isonitrogenous(52% crude protein) and isocaloric(20 k J g^(-1) gross energy) diets were formulated by replacing 0(control), 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of fishmeal with No.52 blending proportion. After a 10-weeks feeding trial, a consistent feed intake was found among all replacement treatments. Replacement level of fishmeal up to 35% did not significantly influence final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of turbot. Therefore, the water-soluble extracts of protein sources play an important role in improving the palatability of non-fishmeal protein sources in aquafeed.展开更多
Carbohydrates constitute the most abundant organic matter in nature, serving as structural components and energy sources, and mediating a wide range of cellular activities. The emergence of nanomaterials with distinct...Carbohydrates constitute the most abundant organic matter in nature, serving as structural components and energy sources, and mediating a wide range of cellular activities. The emergence of nanomaterials with distinct optical, magnetic, and electronic properties has witnessed a rapid adoption of these materials for biomedical research and applications. Nanomaterials of various shapes and sizes having large specific surface areas can be used as multivalent scaffolds to present carbohydrate ligands. The resulting glyconanomaterials effectively amplify the glycan-mediated interactions, making it possible to use these materials for sensing, imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. In this review, we summarize the synthetic strategies for the preparation of various glyconanomaterials. Examples are given where these glyconanomaterials have been used in sensing and differentiation of proteins and cells, as well as in imaging glycan-medicated cellular responses.展开更多
文摘针对耕地土壤Cd、Pb污染问题,选取3种提取剂(提取剂Ⅰ:1.0 mol/L NaOH;提取剂Ⅱ:0.1 mol/L NaOH+0.1 mol/L Na 4 P 2 O 7;提取剂Ⅲ:0.1 mol/L KOH+0.1 mol/L K 4P 2O 7)分别从5种物料中(风化褐煤、污泥、鸡粪、泥炭土、牛粪)中提取腐殖质(HS)淋洗去除土壤中的Cd、Pb。结果表明,不同提取剂及物料中提取出的HS性质差异大,其中风化褐煤提取的HS总有机碳(TOC)含量最高;不同HS淋洗对土壤pH的影响总体不大;用提取剂Ⅱ从风化褐煤中提取的HS(HMⅡ)对Cd的淋洗去除率最高(45.09%),用提取剂Ⅲ从风化褐煤中提取的HS(HMⅢ)对Pb的淋洗去除率最高(30.01%)。从Cd、Pb淋洗去除效率、淋洗后土壤结构变化以及耕地使用功能上综合考虑,HMⅢ更适合做土壤重金属污染修复淋洗剂。
基金supported by Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (201303053)Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (JQ201206) to G.H
文摘Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of water-soluble extracts from single protein source(single extract pellets) and the mixture of these extracts with different proportions(blended extract pellets) in juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus). Then according to the palatability of blended extract pellets, an optimal mixture proportion was selected, and a new protein source made from raw protein materials with the selected proportion was formulated to replace fishmeal. Summarily, the palatability of single extract pellets for turbot was descendent from fishmeal to pet-food grade poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Subsequently, according to the palatability of single extract pellets, 52 kinds of blended extract pellets were designed to test their palatability. The results showed that the pellets presented remarkably different palatability, and the optimal one was diet 52(wheat gluten meal: pet-food grade poultry by-product meal: meat and bone meal: corn gluten meal = 1:6:1:2). The highest ingestion ratio(the number of pellets ingested/the number of pellets fed) was 0.73 ± 0.03, which was observed in Diet 52. Then five isonitrogenous(52% crude protein) and isocaloric(20 k J g^(-1) gross energy) diets were formulated by replacing 0(control), 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of fishmeal with No.52 blending proportion. After a 10-weeks feeding trial, a consistent feed intake was found among all replacement treatments. Replacement level of fishmeal up to 35% did not significantly influence final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of turbot. Therefore, the water-soluble extracts of protein sources play an important role in improving the palatability of non-fishmeal protein sources in aquafeed.
基金The authors are grateful for financial supports from the National Institutes of Health （Nos. R01GM080295 and 2R15GM066279）, the National Science Foundation （No. CHE-1112436）, the University of Massachusetts Lowell, and KTH--Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
文摘Carbohydrates constitute the most abundant organic matter in nature, serving as structural components and energy sources, and mediating a wide range of cellular activities. The emergence of nanomaterials with distinct optical, magnetic, and electronic properties has witnessed a rapid adoption of these materials for biomedical research and applications. Nanomaterials of various shapes and sizes having large specific surface areas can be used as multivalent scaffolds to present carbohydrate ligands. The resulting glyconanomaterials effectively amplify the glycan-mediated interactions, making it possible to use these materials for sensing, imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. In this review, we summarize the synthetic strategies for the preparation of various glyconanomaterials. Examples are given where these glyconanomaterials have been used in sensing and differentiation of proteins and cells, as well as in imaging glycan-medicated cellular responses.
