用外微分运算分析具有分布参数的物理学系统

通过外微分方法运算导出Gauss公式和Stokes公式,并运用公式分析了具有分布参数的物理学系统。相比于传统的数学推导方法,外微分方法能更简明、直接地分析具有分布参数的物理学系统。

谈“系统论”与物理教学中的科学素质培养

本文把物理学作为一个大系统，吸取系统论中的基本思想，探讨如何通过建立相关意识、整体意识、应用意识和反馈意识，加强物理教学中的科学素质培养.

物理学发展中的几个分支学科和前沿活跃领域

本文对物理学发展中的几个分支学科和活跃领域进行了介绍。特别对凝聚态物理中的新进展，等离子体物理与核聚变研究现状，纳米物理与纳米技术应用情况，以及无限大和无限小系统物理学的必然联系进行了阐述。

物理学概念的数学与哲学属性

通过几年的物理学的学习思索,对于物理学的理解需要由中国传统哲学的整体观以及深刻的哲学思辨来理解,同时也需要有数学的思维来诠释,用恰当的数学方法来求解,也就是说对于物理学概念我们要同时了解物理学概念的数学属性与哲学属性。

Exact Solutions of the Coupled KdV system via a Formally Variable Separation Approach

Most of the nonlinear physics systems are essentially nonintegrable. There is no very good analytical approach to solve nonintegrable system. The variable separation approach is a powerful method in linear physics. In this letter, the formal variable separation approach is established to solve the generalized nonlinear mathematical physics equation. The method is valid not only for integrable models but also for nonintegrable models. Taking a nonintegrable coupled KdV equation system as a simple example, abundant solitary wave solutions and conoid wave solutions are revealed.

A New Model on Origin and Evolution of Biology

Modified classical Boltzmann entropy as generalized entropy, then proposed Maximum Generalized Entropy Principle fusing physics and biology, and established a new model for biological origin and evolutions based on this principle, finally took protein evolution for an example to analyze. The model provided some reference for biological complexity research.

Non-Lie Symmetry Groups of （2＋1）-Dimensional Nonlinear Systems

A modified direct method is developed to find finite symmetry groups of nonlinear mathematical physics systems. Applying the modified direct method to the well-known （2＋1）-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Vesselov equation and Nizhnik Novikov-Vesselov equation, both the Lie point symmetry groups and the non-Lie symmetry groups are obtained. The Lie symmetry groups obtained via traditional Lie approaches are only speciai cases. Furthermore, the expressions of the exact finite transformations of the Lie groups are much simpler than those obtained via the standard approaches.

Introduction to Unity of Physics and Biology, Inorganic Life Materials

The unity between physics and biology refers to that the inorganic systems： the Solar System, galaxies and artificial systems have the same structures and functions as the organisms. The development of science and technology is demonstrating the intense unification trends of physics and biology and a holistic science and technology era is about to start. The physics and biology unify on the basis of the four seasons＇ law, which is the most important rule of the universe. Life is defined as the four seasons＇ whole with the structure and process of four seasons. The organism is basically structured into a dual four-season body by state-varying, state-stabilizing and control organizations. Animals, the Solar System and the earth are all the dual four-season bodies. In the unity between physics and biology, the inorganic life materials and inorganic life body can be manufactured artificially.

Assessment of different mcy genes for detecting the toxic to non-toxic Microcystis ratio in the field by multiplex qPCR

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms, especially Microcystis blooms, occur worldwide and draw widespread attention. The dynamics of microcystin-producing Microcystis and competition between microcystin-producing Microcystis and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis are key to predicting and treating Microcystis blooms. Multiplex qPCR is a useful tool to assess such issues. In this study, we developed multiplex qPCR methods with newly-designed probes and primers for the microcystin-synthesis related genes mcyA and mcyE. We used seven toxic Microcystis strains and four non-toxic Microcystis strains to compare the differences in the ratios of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis in mixed cultures, which were calculated using abundances of the genes mcyA, mcyB, mcyD, mcy E and phycocyanin( PC). We also compared traditional cell counting and multiplex qPCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis indicated that mcyD was the most suitable mcy gene for quantification in laboratory experiments. mcyB abundances were always higher; we suggest that the amount of toxic Microcystis measured using mcyB might overestimate the actual percentages.

De novo transcriptome sequencing reveals candidate genes involved in orange shell coloration of bay scallop Argopecten irradians

Molluscan shell color has received persistent attention for its distinctive diversity and complexity. In the present study, six transcriptome libraries obtained from two developmental stages, pre-pigmentation and post-pigmentation, were used for paired-end sequencing in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. In total, 289 839 646 paired-end reads were assembled into 70 929 transcripts. Using BLASTX and BLASTN, 30 896 unigenes were successfully annotated against the SWISS-PROT, NR, and KOG database. Gene ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes classification identified numbers of unigenes involved in biomineralization and pigmentation. Digital gene expression analysis revealed that melanin, trace metal elements and porphyrins are potentially involved in shell coloration of A. irradians.

Damping of Magnetorheological Elastomers

The damping property of magnetorheological （MR） elastomers is characterized by a modified dynamic mechanical-magnetic coupled analyzer. The influences of the external magnetic flux density, damping of the matrix, content of iron particles, dynamic strain, and driving frequency on the damping properties of MR elastomers were investigated experimentally. The experimental results indicate that the damping properties of MR elastomers greatly depend on the interfacial slipping between the inner particles and the matrix. Different from general composite materials, the interracial slipping in MR elastomers is affected by the external applied magnetic field.

New Travelling Wave Solutions to Compound KdV-Burgers Equation

The compound KdV-Burgers equation and combined KdV-mKdV equation are real physical models concerning many branches in physics.In this paper,applying the improved trigonometric function method to these equations,rich explicit and exact travelling wave solutions,which contain solitary-wave solutions,periodic solutions,and combined formal solitary-wave solutions,are obtained.

Noether-Lie Symmetry of Generalized Classical Mechanical Systems

In this paper, the Noether Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of generalized classical mechanical system are studied. The definition and the criterion of the Noether Lie symmetry for the system under the general infinitesimal transformations of groups are given. The Noether conserved quantity and the Hojman conserved quantity deduced from the Noether Lie symmetry are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Exact Solutions to Short Pulse Equation

In this paper, dependent and independent variable transformations are introduced to solve the short pulse equation. It is shown that different kinds of solutions can be obtained to the short pulse equation.

Application of Exp-Function Method to Discrete Nonlinear Schrdinger Lattice Equation with Symbolic Computation

In this paper, we present an extended Exp-function method to differential-difference equation（s）. With the help of symbolic computation, we solve discrete nonlinear Schrodinger lattice as an example, and obtain a series of general solutions in forms of Exp-function.

CPS Modeling of CNC Machine Tool Work Processes Using an Instruction-Domain Based Approach

Building cyber-physical system(CPS) models of machine tools is a key technology for intelligent manufacturing. The massive electronic data from a computer numerical control(CNC) system during the work processes of a CNC machine tool is the main source of the big data on which a CPS model is established. In this work-process model, a method based on instruction domain is applied to analyze the electronic big data, and a quantitative description of the numerical control(NC) processes is built according to the G code of the processes. Utilizing the instruction domain, a work-process CPS model is established on the basis of the accurate, real-time mapping of the manufacturing tasks, resources, and status of the CNC machine tool. Using such models, case studies are conducted on intelligent-machining applications, such as the optimization of NC processing parameters and the health assurance of CNC machine tools.

Towards Understanding Paleosols in Southern Levantine Eolianites:Integration of Micromorphology,Environmental Magnetism and Mineralogy

The paper addresses the controversial question of the role of clay-sized dust in the formation of paleosols in coastal eolianites, Israel. At the Habonim type section, the pedocomplex dated by archaeology and luminescence to 45-135 ka ago shows at least three paleosols, not separated by non-soil sediments. The oldest reddish paleosol （apparently related to MIS 5） is magnetically enhanced, leached from carbonates, with signs of bioturbation and strongly aged clay coatings. The reddening is due to very fine, -20 nm, poorly crystallized, superparamagnetic （SP） hematite, as determined by Mossbauer studies. In subsoil, lithorelics of eolianite are found. Over time, the soil surface aggraded due to accelerated fine dust accumulation alongside local slope wash. On younger materials formed magnetically depleted vertisols, dominated by smectite-type expandable paramagnetic clays. In thin sections, vertisols exhibit strong stipple-speckled and striated b-fabric due to shrink-swell processes, impregnative calcite nodules and Fe-Mn redistribution. The uppermost hydric vertisol shows the strongest expression of juxtaposed features of recurrent calcite and Fe precipitation. This paleosol developed on colluvial soil materials, as evidenced by mixing of clay coated and uncoated grains of quartz and calcite allochems. M6ssbauer spectra show high amounts of Fe（III） incorporated in the clay structure, low amounts of SP goethite and absence of SP hematite. Whilst magnetic susceptibility drops in vertisols to minimal values, increase. The latter along ferrimagnetie grain sizes with differences in the hierarchy of microfabric features is taken as indication for lithologic discontinuities which may have resulted from continuous, albeit variable and low-intensity, input of eolian clay from both remote Saharan and local sources, roughly dated to the earlier to middle part of the Last Glacial.

Symplectic Schemes for Birkhoffian System

A universal symplectic structure for a Newtonian system including nonconservative cases can be constructed in the framework of Birkhoffian generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics. In this paper the symplectic geometry structure of Birkhoffian system is discussed, then the symplecticity of Birkhoffian phase flow is presented. Based on these properties we give a way to construct symplectic schemes for Birkhoffian systems by using the generating function method.

Coal mining in northeast India： an overview of environmental issues and treatment approaches

Northeast India has a good deposit of sub-bituminous tertiary coal. The northeast Indian coals have unusual physico-chemical characteristics such as high sulfur, volatile matter and vitrinite content, and low ash content. In addition, many environmental sensitive organic and mineral bound elements such as Fe, Mg, Bi, AI, V, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Mn etc. remain enriched in these coals. Such characteristics are associated with more severe environmental impacts due to mining and its utilization in coal based industries. Environmental challenges include large scale landscape damage, soil erosion, loss of forest ecosystem and wildlife habitat, air, water and soil pollution. Several physical and chemical methods are reported in literature for the removal of mineral matter, total sulfur and different forms of sulfur from high sulfur coal in northeast India. This paper may help different researchers and stakeholders to understand current state of research in the field. Initiatives may be taken towards sustainable use of coal resources by adopting innovative clean technologies and by implementing effective control measures and regulatory policies.

The first complete organellar genomes of an Antarctic red alga,Pyropia endiviifolia:insights into its genome architecture and phylogenetic position within genus Pyropia(Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

Pyropia species grow in the intertidal zone and are cold-water adapted. To date, most of the information about the whole plastid and mitochondrial genomes(ptDNA and mtDNA) of this genus is limited to Northern Hemisphere species. Here, we report the sequencing of the ptDNA and mtDNA of the Antarctic red alga Pyropia endiviifolia using the Illumina platform. The plastid genome(195 784 bp, 33.28% GC content) contains 210 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 6 rRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome(34 603 bp, 30.5% GC content) contains 26 protein-coding genes, 25 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes. Our results suggest that the organellar genomes of Py. endiviifolia have a compact organization. Although the collinearity of these genomes is conserved compared with other Pyropia species, the genome sizes show significant differences, mainly because of the different copy numbers of rDNA operons in the pt DNA and group II introns in the mtDNA. The other Pyropia species have 2–3 distinct intronic ORFs in their cox 1 genes, but Py. endiviifolia has no introns in its cox 1 gene. This has led to a smaller mtDNA than in other Pyropia species. The phylogenetic relationships within Pyropia were examined using concatenated gene sets from most of the available organellar genomes with both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The analysis revealed a sister taxa affiliation between the Antarctic species Py. endiviifolia and the North American species Py. kanakaensis.