Cosmic Ray-driven Bioenergetics for Life in Molecular Clouds

According to models such as panspermia or the Nebula-Relay hypothesis,the ancestors of life on Earth once lived in molecular clouds.Then what are the energy source and bioenergetics for such lifeforms?A new bioenergetic mechanism powered by cosmic ray ionization of hydrogen molecules is proposed and its relation with the origin of chemiosmosis is also discussed in this paper.Based on this mechanism,the Last Universal Common Ancestor may be a type of lifeform that utilizes hydrogen molecules as donors of electron transport chains.

麻醉气体浓度检测方法的研究及改进

麻醉气体的成分和含量是医院手术室麻醉患者时的重要指标,为同时检测麻醉气体中的各种成分的浓度,本研究根据不同浓度的某种气体对红外光的吸收系数不同原理,在传统的一种麻醉气体种类和浓度的分次检测的基础上,采用高次矩阵逐次逼近算法和神经元网络算法加以改进,得到多种麻醉气体种类和浓度能同时被计算和检出的有效方法和可行性,从而得到麻醉气体中各种成分气体的种类和浓度可以同时检测的结论。

Geological significance of nickeliferous minerals in the Fule Pb–Zn deposit, Yunnan Province, China

Abstract The Fule Pb-Zn deposit is located in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Province, and it is an important and giant low temperature metallogenic domain in China. In our research area, the Pb-Zn deposits are mainly hosted in the Permian Yangxin Formation and are composed of dolostone and limestone. The distance between the ore bodies and the Permian Emeishan basalt ranged from 50 to 160 m. In this study, the nickel rich minerals, including vaesite, polydymite and millerite, were reported for the first time in the Fule deposit. These minerals occurred as xenomorphic mineral aggregate and were sporadically distributed in the sphalerite-galena-calcite vein, which is the main ore type in the deposit. Our study indicated that the paragenetic sequence of minerals in the Fule deposit is the following order： polydymite → vaesite → mil- lerite → sphalerite → galena → tetrahedrite （tennantite）. The geological occurrence characteristics of those nicke- liferous minerals suggested that the Permian Emeishan basalt is a possible barrier layer of Pb-Zn ore-forming fluid, and it is an important source for the Ni and part of the Cu in the deposit. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn mineralization province is a world-class production base of Pb and Zn, in which the Permian Emeishan basalt and Pb- Zn deposits have uniformly spatial distribution, but the relationship of mineralization between them is still under debate. This report provides new evidence for understanding the relationship between Pb-Zn mineral- ization and Permian Emeishan basalt in the Sichuan- Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn mineralization province.

Genesis of the Nanyangtian scheelite deposit in southeastern Yunnan Province,China: evidence from mineral chemistry,fluid inclusions,and C–O isotopes

The Nanyangtian skarn-type scheelite deposit is an important part of the Laojunshan W-Sn polymetallic metallogenic region in southeastern Yunnan Province, China. The deposit comprises multiple scheelite ore bodies; multilayer skarn-type scheelite ore bodies are dominant, with a small amount of quartz vein-type ore bodies. Skarn minerals include diopside, hedenbergite, grossular, and epidote. Three mineralization stages exist： skarn, quartz- scheelite, and calcite. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals that formed in different paragenetic phases were measured as follows： 221-423 ℃ （early skarn stage）, 177-260 ℃ （quartz- scheelite stage）, and 173-227 ℃ （late calcite stage）. The measured salinity of fluid inclusions ranged from 0.18% to 16.34% NaCleqv （skarn stage）, 0.35%-7.17% NaCleqv （quartz-scheelite stage）, and 0.35%-2.24% NaCleqv （late calcite vein stage）. Laser Raman spectroscopic studies on fluid inclusions in the three stages showed H2O as the main component, with N2 present in minor amounts. Minor amounts of CH4 were found in the quartz-scheelite stage. It was observed that the homogenization temperature gradu- ally reduced from the early to the late mineralization stages; moreover, δ^13CI, DB values for ore-bearing skarn in the mineralization period ranged from - 5.7%0 to - 6.9‰ and the corresponding δ^18OsMow values ranged from 5.8%0 to 9.1‰, implying that the ore-forming fluid was mainly sourced from magmatic water with a minor amount of meteoric water. Collectively, the evidence indicates thatthe formation of the Nanyangtian deposit is related to Laojunshan granitic magmatism.

Ore genesis of Badi copper deposit, northwest Yunnan Province, China： evidence from geology, fluid inclusions, and sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes

The Badi copper deposit is located in Shangjiang town, Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province. Tectonically, it belongs to the Sanjiang Block. Vapor-liquid two-phase fluid inclusions, CO2-bearing fluid inclusions, and daugh- ter-beating inclusions were identified in sulfide-rich quartz veins. Microthermometric and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed their types of ore-forming fluids： （1） low-tem- perature, low-salinity fluid; （2） medium-temperature, low salinity CO2-bearing; and （3） high-temperature, Fe-rich, high sulfur fugacity. The δ^18O values of chalcopyrite- bearing quartz ranged from 4.96‰ to 5.86%0, with an average of 5.40%0. The δD values of ore-forming fluid in equilibrium with the sulfide-bearing quartz were from - 87‰ to - 107‰, with an average of - 97.86%0. These isotopic features indicate that the ore-forming fluid is a mixing fluid between magmatic fluid and meteoric water. The δ^34S values of chalcopyrite ranged from 13.3‰ to 15.5‰, with an average of 14.3‰. Sulfur isotope values suggest that the sulfur in the deposit most likely derived from seawater. Various fluid inclusions coexisted in the samples; similar homogenization temperature to different phases suggests that the Badi fluid inclusions might have been captured under a boiling system. Fluid boiling caused by fault activity could be the main reason for the mineral precipitation in the Badi deposit.

Execution of Measurements for Determining the Parameters Affecting the Thermochemical Treatment of Brine Treated Biomass and the Adsorption of Dyes

Brine is a solution of salt （usually sodium chloride） in water. In different contexts, brine may refer to salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% （a typical concentration of seawater, or the lower end of solutions used for brining foods） up to about 26% （a typical saturated solution, depending on temperature）. Adsorption onto activated carbon is the most widespread technology for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewaters. In this study, continuous fixed-bed-column systems were investigated. The adsorbents which authors use are： spruce （Picea abies） untreated, spruce modified by autohydrolysis. The column systems were filed with biomass at various initial dye concentrations, flow rates and bed-depths. The column kinetics of MB （Methylene Blue） adsorption on spruce （Picea abies） untreated, spruce modified by autohydrolysis was simulated. Economies arise when the facility that can use such adsorption materials is near a source of a lignocellulosic waste as agricultural residues, thus saving transportation cost and contributing to industrial ecology at local level.

Economic and Environmental Impact Transgenically Modified Cotton Comparative with Synthetic Chemicals for Insect Control

This article combines both a review of the literature and original data from our research. The comparative efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis （Berliner） traits Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, and non-Bt expressing cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., for control of the noctuid complex of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea （Boddie）; fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda （J.E. Smith）; beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua （Htibner）; and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni （Hiibner）, were evaluated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas during 2005-2009. Noctuid larval survival and damage to leaves on non-Bt cotton were 3.6-fold greater than on Bollgard II or WideStrike cotton and 1.5-fold greater than on cotton varieties with the Bollgard trait. Transgenic cotton has reduced the need for conventional insecticides with benefits to human health and the environment. The revenue differences between Bt and conventional cotton for last four years in LRGV of Texas was 214.35/ha and profit about 94.95/ha. We also analyzed cotton noctuid losses between Bt and conventionally grown cotton in the USA summary of all states and Texas summary of all regions.

Wood textures in Jinman copper deposit in western Yunnan and their genetic implications

Jinman vein copper deposit in western Yunnan occurs in a salt-bearing red clastic rock formation composed of sandstone, siltstone and shale. Wood texture is considerably developed in the ores. The metallic minerals making up the wood textures mainly include pyrite, chalcopyrite and bornite. Studies on the samples and examination of their micrographs and electron micrographs have confirmed that they belong to xenoxylon, reflecting that the ore-hosting rock series is the product of sedimentation in the terrestrial environment. Organic geochemistry and sulfur and carbon isotopic composition data indicate that the formation of the deposit is substantially related with underground hot brines and biological processes.

^(13)CO mapping study for massive molecular cloud cores

Using the newly installed SIS receiving system on the 13.7 m telescope at Qinghai Station of PMO, United Radio Astronomy of CAS, CO isotope 13 CO J=1-0 and C18 O J=1-0 lines were observed for thr ee sources S241, S39 and ON3. Results show that the three sources have massive cor es, of which the size is ～2-5 pc, masses are ～103-104 M⊙. The wid t hs of lines are also larger than those in low mass cores. And high velocity char acteristics were observed for all the sources. The V LSR distribution p resents rotation of the core in ON3. And all the three cores contain deeply embe dded forming massive stars. The young stellar objects in S241 and ON3 seem to be moving away from their birth sites.

Mineralogical feature and geological significance of muscovites from the Longyuanba Indosinian and Yanshannian two-mica granites in the eastern Nanling Range

Emplacement P-T condition estimations using granites are important for understanding metamorphic and erosional processes of orogenic belt.Granites are widespread in South China and a majority of them are peraluminous.Particularly,over 91%of the Indosinian granites exposed in the region are peraluminous in composition.It is extremely hard to determine the pressure of intrusion of these peraluminous granites due to the absence of amphibole,a good mineral barometer commonly identified in metaluminous granites.Muscovite is a common mineral in peraluminous granites,certain kind of it could be used as a mineral barometer to constrain the emplacement pressure of peraluminous granites.In this paper,results of petrographic and geochemical studies of muscovites from the Indosinian and early Yanshanian two-mica granites at the Longyuanba in the eastern Nanling Range are reported.Based on petrographic studies,the primary muscovite can be discriminated from the secondary muscovites.Muscovites from the Indosinian two-mica granites are enriched in Ti,Al,Mg,and Na,and depleted in Fe and Mn.Geochemically,these muscovites were considered as primary,whereas those from the Yanshanian two-mica granites fall into the area of secondary muscovite on discrimination diagrams.Barometer estimations show that pressures calculated for primary muscovites are accurate,but those calculated for secondary muscovites are overestimated.The average pressure of emplacement of the Longyuanba Indosinian two-mica granites is 5.9 kbar,corresponding to^19 km in depth,suggesting that the Indosinian granitic magmas were probably generated by partial melting of a thickened crust root in a compressional tectonic setting.