This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternati...This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.展开更多
Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas o...Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas of Beijing, capital of People＇s Republic of China. In the framework of the International Research Training Group and of the Sino-Project Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Origin in China, the status quo of a large pig farm is researched. The first phase of the project was focused on a detailed description of the nutrients and trace elements contained in the main inputs （water, feed） and outputs （manure, wastewater） of the pig farm. The compliance with the Chinese national standards or often referred to as GB standards （in Chinese ＂GuoBiao＂） and, current German recommendations were included. The analysis of nutrients and trace minerals followed the natural structure of the pig life cycle, i.e., gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. The main results showed that the pig drinking water met the recommendations for livestock drinking water, ground water and human drinking water. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn and As in the pig feeds samples displayed higher values compared to the Chinese and German recommendations. Average values of trace elements in the pig manure did not surpass the Chinese and German recommendations of biowastes, however, some manure samples showed excessive concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Likewise, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in the wastewater surpassed the recommendations for irrigation water.展开更多
The total annual increment in forests in Bulgaria is about 14.5 Mio m^3 of the growing stock, of which the harvesting amounts at 5-6 Mio m^3 of fallen wood. An increase of the actually harvested quantities of wood is ...The total annual increment in forests in Bulgaria is about 14.5 Mio m^3 of the growing stock, of which the harvesting amounts at 5-6 Mio m^3 of fallen wood. An increase of the actually harvested quantities of wood is possible and it may rise up to 8-10 Mio m^3. The volume of forestry waste is 1,066,900 m^3, incl. economically accessible forestry waste are 373,400 m^3. Every year, there are about 3.0 Mio m^3 of wood which are obtained by the wood category, being 2.5 Mio m^3 of that same one used by the population as fire wood for stoves about 40% efficiency. In that connection, a map has been elaborated of the economically accessible forest-wood waste from the wood harvesting. Taking into account the data on the share of that wood, is considered capable for energy production, as well as the fact that a part of fire wood shall not be used in the conventional way but shall be processed, instead, that is to say, transformed into chips, pellets and briquettes, a map of category of woods has been made for the purposes and needs of this elaboration. There are some reserves as regards to thinning operations where small- and medium-sized wood is harvested and from temporarily inaccessible forest exploitation basins or the so called ＂closed basins＂ should arrive to. This paper proposes the most promising technologies for waste processing and transformation into chips, which could be applicable in Bulgaria and in some other countries as well.展开更多
US EPA recently issued the final definition for a renewable fuel establishes rule for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard RFS the compliance for each part of its name： （i） to II （Renewable Fuel Standard）. The mai...US EPA recently issued the final definition for a renewable fuel establishes rule for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard RFS the compliance for each part of its name： （i） to II （Renewable Fuel Standard）. The main be a fuel and （ii） to be produced from renewable biomass. This paper addresses the challenges faced by biomass derived fuels on meeting the specifications of those fuels （gasoline, diesel and heating oil）. Biomass-derived products contain oxygenates, some of which might enhance certain fuel specifications, but some others may have deteriorating effects. On directly derived from biomass pyrolysis have been demonstrated to the basis of available data published in the literature, the fuels be far from the concept of ＂substantially similar＂ transportation fuels. Upgrading is required to convert pyrolysis products into fuels that meet specifications. The economical viability of upgrading still faces confirmation, and imposes several technical challenges for truly attractive cost-effective approaches.展开更多
Social security funds is a kind of special fund for social security undertakings which is based on the legislation ,Social security fund is the material basis for the existence and sustainable development in the socia...Social security funds is a kind of special fund for social security undertakings which is based on the legislation ,Social security fund is the material basis for the existence and sustainable development in the social security system .Consequently, It is one of the most important about the normal operation and management of the social security system that the operation of social security fund regulation and whether the value of social security funds can realize. In order to realize the value of social security fund, it is about to explore the reality and feasibility of the pension market, thus, maintain the social security fund security and realize the sustainability of social security funds, under the premise of the social security fund investment operation.展开更多
文摘This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.
文摘Emergence of Chinese economy together with the current Livestock Revolution in Asia have led to an increase of meat demands, specially pork that is reflected in the growth of commercial pig farms in peri-urban areas of Beijing, capital of People＇s Republic of China. In the framework of the International Research Training Group and of the Sino-Project Recycling of Organic Residues from Agricultural and Municipal Origin in China, the status quo of a large pig farm is researched. The first phase of the project was focused on a detailed description of the nutrients and trace elements contained in the main inputs （water, feed） and outputs （manure, wastewater） of the pig farm. The compliance with the Chinese national standards or often referred to as GB standards （in Chinese ＂GuoBiao＂） and, current German recommendations were included. The analysis of nutrients and trace minerals followed the natural structure of the pig life cycle, i.e., gestation, farrowing, weaning and fattening. The main results showed that the pig drinking water met the recommendations for livestock drinking water, ground water and human drinking water. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn and As in the pig feeds samples displayed higher values compared to the Chinese and German recommendations. Average values of trace elements in the pig manure did not surpass the Chinese and German recommendations of biowastes, however, some manure samples showed excessive concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Likewise, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in the wastewater surpassed the recommendations for irrigation water.
文摘The total annual increment in forests in Bulgaria is about 14.5 Mio m^3 of the growing stock, of which the harvesting amounts at 5-6 Mio m^3 of fallen wood. An increase of the actually harvested quantities of wood is possible and it may rise up to 8-10 Mio m^3. The volume of forestry waste is 1,066,900 m^3, incl. economically accessible forestry waste are 373,400 m^3. Every year, there are about 3.0 Mio m^3 of wood which are obtained by the wood category, being 2.5 Mio m^3 of that same one used by the population as fire wood for stoves about 40% efficiency. In that connection, a map has been elaborated of the economically accessible forest-wood waste from the wood harvesting. Taking into account the data on the share of that wood, is considered capable for energy production, as well as the fact that a part of fire wood shall not be used in the conventional way but shall be processed, instead, that is to say, transformed into chips, pellets and briquettes, a map of category of woods has been made for the purposes and needs of this elaboration. There are some reserves as regards to thinning operations where small- and medium-sized wood is harvested and from temporarily inaccessible forest exploitation basins or the so called ＂closed basins＂ should arrive to. This paper proposes the most promising technologies for waste processing and transformation into chips, which could be applicable in Bulgaria and in some other countries as well.
文摘US EPA recently issued the final definition for a renewable fuel establishes rule for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard RFS the compliance for each part of its name： （i） to II （Renewable Fuel Standard）. The main be a fuel and （ii） to be produced from renewable biomass. This paper addresses the challenges faced by biomass derived fuels on meeting the specifications of those fuels （gasoline, diesel and heating oil）. Biomass-derived products contain oxygenates, some of which might enhance certain fuel specifications, but some others may have deteriorating effects. On directly derived from biomass pyrolysis have been demonstrated to the basis of available data published in the literature, the fuels be far from the concept of ＂substantially similar＂ transportation fuels. Upgrading is required to convert pyrolysis products into fuels that meet specifications. The economical viability of upgrading still faces confirmation, and imposes several technical challenges for truly attractive cost-effective approaches.
文摘Social security funds is a kind of special fund for social security undertakings which is based on the legislation ,Social security fund is the material basis for the existence and sustainable development in the social security system .Consequently, It is one of the most important about the normal operation and management of the social security system that the operation of social security fund regulation and whether the value of social security funds can realize. In order to realize the value of social security fund, it is about to explore the reality and feasibility of the pension market, thus, maintain the social security fund security and realize the sustainability of social security funds, under the premise of the social security fund investment operation.
