A differential fatherhood premium exists among selected groups of fathers of various socio-economic backgrounds. Besides marital status, residential arrangement, biological paternity, and other demographic dimensions,...A differential fatherhood premium exists among selected groups of fathers of various socio-economic backgrounds. Besides marital status, residential arrangement, biological paternity, and other demographic dimensions, the mechanisms associated with fathers' structural characteristics of work that produce divergent labor market outcomes are less well understood. The authors leveraged the cases of productivity and specialization, family and responsibility, and compensating differentials and examined the impacts of work context and occupational characteristics on the pay gap between fathers and non-fathers Based on joint data from the 1997-2015 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) and Occupational Information Network (O'NET) (n -- 37,138), the authors used fixed-effects models to estimate the associations between job features and the fatherhood premium. The regression results showed that occupations entailing competition and requiring on-the-job training are associated with more wage bonus; occupations offering inflexible schedule are associated with less wage gain These work-related characteristics further emphasize fathers' work structure and context, human capital accumulation, and work-family conflict. Overall, these findings are consistent with the theoretical perspectives of productivity and specialization and compensating differentials, adding new evidences to the structural explanations of the fatherhood premium.展开更多
Urban integrated activity zone (UIAZ) refers to multi-functional area that can provide various services. Integrated activity zone (IAZ), which is based on the existing financial district and Central Business Distr...Urban integrated activity zone (UIAZ) refers to multi-functional area that can provide various services. Integrated activity zone (IAZ), which is based on the existing financial district and Central Business District (CBD), often weakens administrative boundaries and changes the original single functional partition. It emphasizes the mixture of different functions and the vitality of the central area. The construction of IAZ is different from the simple space construction of economy and material production. IAZ emphasizes the participation of city dwellers in urban renewal process. Shanghai IAZs are those vigorous public activity centers in Shanghai. ]ust like those active cells, IAZs in Shanghai are to inspire and improve the comprehensive competitiveness and vitality of the city at macro, intermediate, and micro level, they are the public places in which urban cultural life takes place, develops, and precipitates. This paper provides broad and profound presentation on IAZ structure planning in Shanghai: mix-used function, multi-dimensions scale, people oriented development (POD) transportation, commercial development, and city form vitality. This paper provides not only qualitative analysis, but also makes a serious attempt to quantify the result and statement.展开更多
文摘A differential fatherhood premium exists among selected groups of fathers of various socio-economic backgrounds. Besides marital status, residential arrangement, biological paternity, and other demographic dimensions, the mechanisms associated with fathers' structural characteristics of work that produce divergent labor market outcomes are less well understood. The authors leveraged the cases of productivity and specialization, family and responsibility, and compensating differentials and examined the impacts of work context and occupational characteristics on the pay gap between fathers and non-fathers Based on joint data from the 1997-2015 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) and Occupational Information Network (O'NET) (n -- 37,138), the authors used fixed-effects models to estimate the associations between job features and the fatherhood premium. The regression results showed that occupations entailing competition and requiring on-the-job training are associated with more wage bonus; occupations offering inflexible schedule are associated with less wage gain These work-related characteristics further emphasize fathers' work structure and context, human capital accumulation, and work-family conflict. Overall, these findings are consistent with the theoretical perspectives of productivity and specialization and compensating differentials, adding new evidences to the structural explanations of the fatherhood premium.
文摘Urban integrated activity zone (UIAZ) refers to multi-functional area that can provide various services. Integrated activity zone (IAZ), which is based on the existing financial district and Central Business District (CBD), often weakens administrative boundaries and changes the original single functional partition. It emphasizes the mixture of different functions and the vitality of the central area. The construction of IAZ is different from the simple space construction of economy and material production. IAZ emphasizes the participation of city dwellers in urban renewal process. Shanghai IAZs are those vigorous public activity centers in Shanghai. ]ust like those active cells, IAZs in Shanghai are to inspire and improve the comprehensive competitiveness and vitality of the city at macro, intermediate, and micro level, they are the public places in which urban cultural life takes place, develops, and precipitates. This paper provides broad and profound presentation on IAZ structure planning in Shanghai: mix-used function, multi-dimensions scale, people oriented development (POD) transportation, commercial development, and city form vitality. This paper provides not only qualitative analysis, but also makes a serious attempt to quantify the result and statement.