无芒雀麦草地营养物质生产量季节动态的研究

采用在生长季节内按照不同生长发育时期共取１５次样品分析牧草营养成分含量的方法，研究了无芒雀麦人工草地牧草营养成分含量和营养物质生产量的季节动态，讨论了在高寒地区无氮浸出物含量呈中间低两头高的特殊性。

临夏85杨光合干物质生产量测定分析

以当地青杨作对照,对临夏85杨光合速率、枝干承载叶面积及年干物质生产量进行测定分析,结果表明:⑴临夏85杨年平均光合速率较青杨低20%,5～7月差异较大,8～10月差异不明显。⑵杨树枝干横断面积与其承载叶面积呈线性相关。临夏85杨承载叶面积随枝干粗度的增大而增长的趋势远强于青杨,直径为6cm的枝干,其叶面积是青杨的1 336倍;同粗度枝干承载叶面积的最大比值为1 3867。⑶叶片年生产干物质量,临夏85杨为0 8244kg/m2,青杨为0 9945kg/m2,直径为6cm的枝干,年生产的干物质量,临夏85杨较青杨提高11 1%。叶面积的剧增是临夏85杨生长量高于青杨的主要原因。

优化缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例提高冬小麦产量和氮肥利用效率

为探究匹配冬小麦氮素需求规律的最佳缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例,优化施肥结构,达到氮肥高效利用与经济效益“双赢”的目标,该研究以冬小麦为研究对象,通过2 a(2019—2020年和2020—2021年)田间试验,设置7个施肥处理:仅施尿素(U)、仅施缓释氮肥(S)、缓释氮肥与尿素1:3配施(SU1)、缓释氮肥与尿素1:1配施(SU2)、缓释氮肥与尿素3:1配施(SU3)、不施氮肥(N0)和不施肥(CK),研究缓释氮肥配施比例对冬小麦干物质积累和转运、产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦干物质快速生长期和最大累积速率随缓释氮肥配施比例的增加而增加,缓释氮肥与尿素配施的冬小麦干物质平均累积速率比普通尿素提高1.90%~19.91%。缓释氮肥与尿素配施可在改善花前干物质转运量的同时提高花后生产量,花后干物质生产量对籽粒贡献率达53.18%~71.83%。产量随缓释氮肥配施比例的增加而显著提高,SU3处理2 a产量分别为7243和8021 kg/hm^(2),较S和U处理分别提高了7.25%和16.07%,其经济效益较S和U处理提高了15.18%和25.67%。与仅施尿素相比,缓释氮肥与尿素配施可显著提高氮肥利用效率,但SU2和SU3处理无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合考虑,在施氮量180 kg/hm^(2)条件下,缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例50%(SU2),可实现冬小麦绿色高产高效,其产量为7458 kg/hm^(2),氮肥吸收利用效率为45.97%,农学利用效率、生理利用效率和偏生产力分别为16.07、30.49和42.09 kg/kg。该研究可为冬小麦合理施肥提供理论依据。

氮肥运筹对晚稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

用杂交水稻中优679为试验材料,研究氮肥运筹对晚稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,在目标产量7 500 kg/hm2,总施氮量150 kg/hm2条件下氮肥运筹不同处理中,以基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4且基肥采用碳铵深施方式,其实际产量、齐穗后干物质生产量、成熟期干物质积累量、氮素利用率等均为最高。

两系杂交水稻的栽培特性和高产策略

在大田栽培条件下 ,以 6个两系杂交水稻组合为供试材料 ,设计 3个N肥水平 ,研究两系组合的栽培特性及高产栽培途径。结果表明 ,两系组合每穗颖花数多 ,高峰苗多 ,成穗率低 ,单茎叶面积小 ,成熟期叶片衰老快 ,生物产量中等 ,经济系数高。获得高产的关键在于促进分蘖早发 ,提高成穗率 。

李果园套栽草菇效益高

李果园是栽培草菇天然的好场所,在成年李园下套种草菇可以利用复合群体的生态优势来提高单位面积土地的物质生产量。一方面李园为草菇提供新鲜的空气,较高的温湿度和良好的遮荫条件;同时果园下的土壤富含腐殖质、水和无机盐成份,可供草菇菌丝体吸收利用。另一方面,草菇生长期间释放的二氧化碳又有利于李树增强光合作用;栽培后的培养料可作李树的肥料,增加土壤有机质含量。

Growth Responses of Wheat Cultivars to Rock Phosphate in Hydroponics

Screening cultivars to grow under conditions of low phosphorus (P) availability and utilize P efficiently from compounds of low solubility in soils may be beneficial to overcome poor plant growth in P-deficient soils. The growth behavior and P utilization efficiency of seven wheat cultivars grown in hydroponics were studied, using rock phosphate as P source. The wheat cultivars grown for 30 days were significantly different in biomass accumulation, P uptake and P utilization efficiency. The dry matter production of all the cultivars was significantly correlated with P uptake, which in turn correlated to the drop in the root medium pH. The ranking of wheat cultivars on the basis of dry matter yield, P uptake and P utilization efficiency was Zamindar 80 > Yecora > C 271 > WL 711 > Barani 83 > PARI 73 > Rohtas. The cultivar Zamindar 80 appeared to possess the best growth potential in P-deficient soils.

Research Progress of Selenium-enriched Agricultural Crops and Horticultural Crops in China

Selenium（Se） is one of the essential trace elements required by humans and animals. It will cause diseases for humans and animals when Se is excessive or lack in the environment.The research status of selenium-enriched agricultural crops and selenium-enriched horticultural crops, functional mechanism and application status of selenium, and the latest progress in the study of selenium enrichment were summarized in this paper.

Fluorescent Proteins as a Visible Molecular Signal for Rapid Quantification of Bioprocesses： Potential and Challenges

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants /homolog proteins are generally called as GFP-like fluorescent proteins (FPs), which are widely used as visible molecular tools for monitoring a wide range of biological processes due to their capability of simple, accurate and real time quantification. The FPs-based molecular and visible quantification tools are giving more impact on bioprocess engineering, enabling the biomolecule-level dynamic information to be linked with the process-level events. In this review, different applications of FPs in biological engineering with emphasis on rapid molecular bioprocess quantification, such as quantification of the transcription efficiency, the protein production, the protein folding efficiency, the cell concentration, the intracellular microenvironments and so on, would be first introduced. The challenges of using FPs with respect to actual bioprocess applications for the precise quantification including the interaction of FPs and the fused partner proteins, the maturation of FPs, the inner filter effect and sensing technology were then discussed. Finally, the future development for the FPs used in molecular bioprocess quantification would be proposed.

Selection of Superior Breeding Infraspecies Gaharu of Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke

Research on selection of superior breeding infraspecies Gyrinops versteegii （Gilg） Domke aims to select an infraspecies of G. versteegii having internal factors that affect the quality and quantity of production aromatic resin or agarwood. The internal factors are variations in wood anatomy, phytochemicals and agarwood of infraspecies G. versteegii. Of five local populations taken from West Lombok Island in Indonesia, the research areas are geographically located at coordinates： 8°15′-8°40′ South Latitude and 116°00′-116°20′East Longitude. Quality and quantity of agarwood production is influenced by internal factors of eaglewood trees, such as high starch production and the size of the cells making up the larger wood tissue. Infraspecies G. versteegii that have quality and quantity production of aromatic resin （the best agarwood） is Beringin group and the highest quantity of agarwood production （agarwood formation on the whole organ） is Soyun group.

Macauba as Promising Substrate for Crude Oil and Biodiesel Production

The preparation of macauba fruits （Acrocomia aculeate （Jacq.） Lodd. ex Martius） both for oil extraction by continuous pressing and biodiesel production were investigated. The fruits and its pulp and kernel were characterized for their resulting oils. Experimental design was carried out to study the transesterification of each oil to obtain the concentrations of ethanol and catalyst that would provide the best biodiesel yield. A higher amount of biodiesel was produced from the best conditions to evaluate some characteristics as specified by ANP （National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels）. The results showed a variation in the fruits composition and different characteristics presented by the pulp and kernel oil. It was possible to define technological steps to obtain oil from the fruits of macauba and find the optimal conditions to biodiesel production, concentration of catalyst 4.42% and 5% and 13.3：1 and 9：1 ethanol：oil molar ratio to kernel oil and pulp oil, respectively.

Effect of Raw Material for Distillers Grains Production on Protein Quality for Ruminants

The present experiment was focused on quality of dry distillers＇ grains with solubles （DDGS） produced from corn （DDGSc）, wheat （DDGSw）, triticale （DDGSt）, and wet distillers grains from corn （WDGc） for ruminants. The products were tested for dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF） acid detergent insoluble nitrogen （NIAD）, amino acid （AA） profile, CP degradability and intestinal digestibility （ID） of rumen undegraded protein （RUP）. The average content of CP （g/kg DM） ranged from 289.9 （DDGSc） to 356.9 （DDGSw）. The highest content of essential AA was in WDGc （440.1 g/160g N） followed with DDGSc. The most variable was the content of Lys in DDGSw （from 13.69 to 22.79 g/160 g N）. The NIAD was found the highest for DDGSw （from 16.8% to 36.2%）, effective CP degradability was only 50.2% and ID of RUP 82.2%, total essential AA 81.2%, Lys 77.69% and Met 81.4%. Lys was generally the least digestible AA. The ruminally degradable CP fraction was in the range from 52.6% to 70.2% for DDGSc. ID of total and essential by-pass AA was very high 96.2% and 96.1%, Lysine 90.9% and Methionine 96.7%. From these data it can be concluded that DDGS from grains are a good source of protein for ruminants.

Madagascar High Lands Dry Season Forages： Lofium multiflorum （Italian Ray Grass） and Avena sativa （Oat）

Italian ray grass and oat are two grass species characterized by their ability to adjust tropical climate conditions. This study proposed to assess forage productivities to allow an appropriate mowing period determination in their use as dairy female feed in Madagascar. A test on small plots has been set up in the southern part of the capital city Antananarivo during one dry period （4 months）. Live observations followed by laboratory proximate analyses have been performed for forage productivity and feeding value determination. Cultivated on tanety （hill）, irrigated in counter season, results show that： （I） oat higher height （H = 96.7 cm） than Italian ray grass （H= 69.4 cm） at 99 days of age; （2） similar biomass productivity; （3） dry matter yields significantly different （p = 0.05）; （4） certain similarity between dry matter yields and FMU （fodder milk unit） score evolution; （5） leafy stage of Italian ray grasses at 99 days of age; （6） mid-flowering stage for oats during the same period. Cell wall content, crude fiber and dry matter contents increased with age （p = 0.05）. Crude proteins and minerals evolved in opposite directions. Gross energy content did not present precise variation with age. This study allowed that for an acceptable quantitative and qualitative production during dry seasons, good mowing period for Italian ray grass could start at 76 days age, while oat could start being harvested at 68 days.

Review of Metal AM Simulation Validation Techniques

Due to the complexity of metal AM （additive manufacturing）, it can require many trial runs to obtain processing parameters which produce a quality build. Because of this trial and error process, the drive for simulations of AM has grown significantly. A simulation only becomes useful to researchers if it can be shown that it is a true representation of the physical process being simulated. Each process being simulated has a different method of validation to show it is an accurate representation of the process. This paper explores the various methodologies for validation of laser-based metal AM simulations, focusing mainly on the modeling of the thermal processes and other characteristics derived from the thermal history. It will identify and explain the various validation techniques used, specifically looking at the frequency of reported use of each technique.

Influence of Compound Mineral Fertilizers Produced by Different Technologies on Yield and Quality of Lettuce

Overabundant and unbalanced input of nutritional elements to soil has a negative effect to the yield and quality of lettuce. Accumulation of nitrates and harmful effects of the chloride ion are the reasons why there is a need to establish an optimal quantity and relation of nutrients in lettuce nourishment. In the experiment which was carried out during years 2010 and 2011 on the farm of Secondary Agricultural Boarding School in Futog, nitrate content in a fresh mass of lettuce （mg NO3/kg） was obesrved, in dependence on applied compound fertilizers produced by different technologies at different quantities of nitrate and potassium fertilizers. The results of the research show that in a technological ripeness, the highest average lettuce yield has been obtained in the treatment where the highest dosage of nitrate fertilizers was used in spring, in a combination with complex fertilizers in autumn. The lowest average yield has been obtained on the control plot. The highest average nitrate concentration in a fresh lettuce mass has been recorded in using technology of applying mixed fertilizers and the smallest in using a technology of complex fertilizers. At the moment of harvest, the highest nitrogen content in a dry mass of a plant has been recorded when complex fertilizers of phosphorus and potassium were used by the technology of mixed fertilizers.

Productivity of Soil Fertilised with Fermented Calliandra, Gliricidia and Leucaena Browses and Maize Forage

Fermented Callliandra, Gliricidia and Leucaena browses and maize material （milk stage） were applied to the soil to determine their effect on soil productivity. Hopi Red Dye Amaranthus （Amaranthus cruentus） was used as the test crop. Its DM yield was determined. The browse materials had higher total N and narrower C：N ratio than the maize material. Calliandra material had higher levels of insoluble fiber （ADF）, fiber bound N （ADFN） and lignin. Application of the browse and maize materials raised C, N, and C：N ratio of the soil in which they were applied compared to the control soil. The treated soils maintained higher levels of C and N and a narrower C：N ratio up to the third crop. Amaranthus DM yield was highest （P 〈 0.05） with browse treatments. Treatment with maize material did not have DM yield advantage over the control soil. Treatments with browse materials could have given higher yields because the materials had more N and fermentation could not only have increased the proportion of soluble N, but also degradability of the materials, thus making the N and other nutrients in the fermented materials available for plant growth. DM yield was highest （P 〈_ 0.05） with the first and third crops but lowest （P 〈 0.05） with the second crop. Plant growth in the second crop could have coincided with high demand for the N by the soil micro-organisms decomposing the added materials. During the third crop, decomposition of the readily degradable components of the added materials could have been complete and the N became available for plant growth. DM yield dropped （P 〈 0.05） with the fourth crop as the available N could have been depleted from the soil for plant growth.

Effect of Weed Control on Establishment and Herbage Production in Dwarf Napiergrass

Weed control is a crucial factor for maintaining establishment and herbage production in dwarf variety of late-heading type （DL） napiergrass （Pennisetum purpureum Schumach） in southern Kyushu, Japan. This study was aimed to verify the weeding-effect on dry matter （DM） production in the farm level and to examine the effect of several weed control, i.e. mixed sowing of annual setaria （abbreviated as S）, which has no regrowth ability after stem-elongation, paper-mulching （as P） and hand-weeding （as ＋W）, compared with no-weeding （as -W） on DM yield and quality of DL napiergrass in two years. Weed control practices significantly （P 〈 0.05） promoted several plant growth attributes in DL napiergrass, compared with no-weeding both in the farm and experimental levels. Paper-mulchidng （P-W or P＋S-W） had highest yields among several practices in both years. Setaria-sowing ha a partially mitigating effect of weed damage on DM production of DL napiergrass, while additive DM gain from setaria could compensate the yield decrease in DL napiergrass and reduce herbicide cost. Neither digestibility nor crude protein was affected by any weed control in either year. Thus, paper-mulching and annual setaria-sowing could be effective alternative practices for weed control of this species.

Application of cellulase in producing reducing sugar with waste lignocellulosic

The cellulase expands the use of waste lignocellulosic and improves the feasibility of ethanol production with waste lignocellulosic. In this paper the types, mechanisms of cellulase and its application in reducing sugar production were presented in detail. The strains that produce cellulase and methods for improving the cellulase activity in reducing sugar production with waste lignocellulosic were described.

The Influence of the ＂Terroir＂ Concerning the Quantity and Quality of Grapes Yield at White Grapevine Varieties Growing in the lasi Vineyard

Abstract： Romania is famous of the potential of his vineyard, winemaking is a traditional occupation, in fact it can be said that there are many areas that can provide a vineyard product. Moreover, typicity and authenticity of a wine are defining conditions under conditions of fierce intemational competition to guarantee success of wine. There were concerns for determining areas with designation of origin from a vineyard that will produce quality wines, but the purpose of this study is to delimit the level of a vineyard small area that can ensure the achievement of a certain type of wine, a quality required by consumers. The research was made during 2006-2008 and revealed that the production of quality grapes and are influenced by different factors such as genetic, environmental and technological acting in complex. This is a first attempt to study characterize the concept of ＂terroir＂, as applied in the Copou vineyard from lasi county and provides information on the behavior of two varieties of grapes for wine： Feteasca Regala and Muscat Ottonel. Depending on the purpose, observations and calculations have found the influence of soil characteristics on several biochemical parameters and productive at varieties of Feteasca Regala and Muscat Ottonel （soluble carbohydrate content, total acidity, the average yield of grapes） for the purpose of knowledge than a more detailed wine center in northeast of Romania. The results of this study can be used to determine with precision small areas crop at the parcel that will produce quality wines.