例谈化学平衡常数与物质转化率的计算

一、己知起始量和有关平衡量,计算平衡常数和物质的平衡转化率求解此类题目的关键有三点:一是利用“三段式”法求出有关物质的平衡浓度;二是将有关物质的平衡浓度代入平衡常数表达式计算平衡常数;三是根据转化率的概念计算物质的平衡转化率。

杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵的物质与能量转化率分析

为了解厌氧发酵过程中的C、N元素流动状况以及物质和能量的转化利用效率,以杂交狼尾草为原料,采用中温(35±1)℃批式厌氧发酵工艺,研究了杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵制备沼气的产气性能,在此基础上结合物质流分析方法分析了发酵过程中C、N元素的分布情况以及物质与能量的转化率。研究结果表明:C/N 167和25下,杂交狼尾草鲜料的VS(挥发性固体)产气量分别为280.02和242.33 m L/g,其中CH4体积分数分别为59.96%和61.46%;C/N 137和25下,青贮料的VS产气量分别为327.02和295.43 m L/g,其中CH_4体积分数分别为58.49%和61.05%;C元素的流向分布:沼气33.1%,发酵液8.0%,发酵渣58.9%;N元素主要流入剩余物中:发酵液69.4%,发酵渣30.7%。杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵制备沼气的物质转化率和能量转化率分别为42.1%和33.1%。该研究为能源草本植物的资源管理和厌氧能源化利用提供了理论依据。

高中化学等效平衡的解题方法与技巧

等效平衡作为一种重要的解题方法与技巧,其在某些高中化学类型题求解中的合理引入,可以通过深入挖掘题干中的某些信息来构建求解方程,有利于简化某些繁杂的化学问题,提升高中生解决化学问题的能力.因此,如何才能深化对于等效平衡的理解与认识,提升应用其来解决化学问题的灵活性值得进行深入探究.

精准扶贫的实践逻辑与理论创新

精准扶贫正由物质脱贫观转向三位一体脱贫观,即物质脱贫—能力脱贫—精神脱贫的有机统一。物质—福利转化率不仅依赖于贫困户自身能力,更依赖于社会化大生产的强力组织。精神富裕成为物质—福利转化率的倍增器。数字技术正全方位渗入精准扶贫流程,催化着三元扶贫形态加速演进。区块链扶贫系统利用区块链不可篡改属性,形成数据分布式存储—数据溯源—智能闭环的扶贫区块链。

Modeling of mass transfer characteristics of bubble column reactor with surfactant present

Danckwert’s method was used to determine the specific interfacial area, a, and the individual mass transfer coefficient, kL, during absorption of CO2 in a bubble column with an anionic surfactant in the carbonate-bicarbonate buffer solution and NaAsO2 as catalyst, the presence of which decreases the specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient. The specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient increase with increasing su- perficial gas velocity. The specific interfacial area decreases whereas the individual mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing temperature. The results of experiments were used to determine the dependence of a, kL, and kLa on the surface tension, the temperature of the absorption phase, and the superficial velocity of the gas. The calculated results from the correlation were found to be within 10% deviation from the actual experimental results.

Verification of protein sparing by feeding carbohydrate to common carp Cyprinus carpio

A 9-week feeding trial in floating freshwater cages(1.0 m×1.0 m×2.0 m) was conducted to study the effects of different dietary levels of protein and starch on growth,body composition,and gene expression of enzymes in common carp,Cyprinus carpio(mean body weight,36.12±1.18 g) to evaluate the protein-sparing effect of dietary carbohydrate.Four diets were formulated with corn starch as the carbohydrate source to obtain corn starch levels of 6.5%,13%,19.5%,or 26%and protein levels of 30.5%,28.2%,26.4%,and 24.2%.The results showed no differences in growth performance of fish fed the diets with different protein and corn starch levels,but body composition and glucose metabolic enzyme activity of carp were significantly affected by the different diets(P<0.05).Weight gain,specific growth rate,and the feed conversion ratio were not different in fish fed the different dietary treatments.Protein efficiency ratio increased significantly as corn starch level increased(P<0.05).Whole-body crude lipid composition increased with increasing dietary corn starch level(P<0.05).Glucokinase(GK),hexokinase,and pyruvate kinase(PK) activities increased significantly with increasing dietary corn starch level(P<0.05),whereas glucose-6-phosphate(G6Pase) activity decreased with increasing dietary corn starch level(P<0.05).GK gene expression was significantly higher in fish fed the high-corn starch diet than those fed the low-corn starch diet(P<0.05).G6 pase gene expression tended to decrease with increasing starch level(P>0.05).In summary,the results indicate a protein-sparing effect by substituting carbohydrate in the diet of common carp.

Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish （pterygoplichthys spp.） as Protein Supplement in Finishing Beef Cattle

Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources （oilseed meals）. Currently in the dam ＂El lnfiernillo＂ in Michoacan Mexico, has a large population of devil fish （Pterygoplichthys spp.）, which is an economic and ecological problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish （SADF） in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls （Bos taurus × Bos indicus） for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF （0%, 12% and 18%）. They were weighed to the beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences （P 〈 0.05） among treatments with different levels of inclusion of SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ±322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake （DMI） was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03 and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.

Catalytic effect of carbon-based electrode materials in energy storage devices

The catalytic effect of electrode materials is one of the most crucial factors for achieving efficient electrochemical energy conversion and storage.Carbon-based metal composites were widely synthesized and employed as electrode materials because of their inherited outstanding properties.Usually,electrode materials can provide a higher capacity than the anticipated values,even beyond the theoretical limit.The origin of the extra capacity has not yet been explained accurately,and its formation mechanism is still ambiguous.Herein,we first summarized the current research progress and drawbacks in energy storage devices(ESDs),and elaborated the role of catalytic effect in enhancing the performance of ESDs as follows:promoting the evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),accelerating the reversible conversion of discharge/charge products,and improving the conversion speed of the intermediate and the utilization rate of the active materials,thereby avoiding the shuttling effect.Additionally,a particular focus was placed on the interaction between the catalytic effect and energy storage performance in order to highlight the efficacy and role of the catalytic effect.We hope that this review could provide innovative ideas for designing the electrode materials with an efficient catalytic effect for ESDs to promote the development of this research field.