柞蚕幼虫几种特异体征的解释

描述了柞蚕四眼、黑脑壳、白色缢痕、红屁股、歪脖和白色脊梁6种特异体征的形态,分析了这些特异体征的成因,得出温度、湿度和饲料质量是产生这些特异体征的初步结论。

Covariation between personalities and individual differences in coping with stress:Converging evidence and hypotheses

In the past decade there has been a profusion of studies highlighting covariation between individual differences in stress physiology and behavioural profiles, here called personalities. Such individual differences in ways of coping with stress are relevant both in biomedicine, since different personalities may experience a different stress and disease vulnerability, and in behavioural ecology, since their adaptive value and evolutionary maintenance are the subject of debate. However, the precise way in which individual stress differences and personalities are linked is unclear. Here we provide an updated overview of this covariation across different species and taxa, consider its functional significance and present working hypotheses for how behavioural and physiological responses to stress might be causally linked, affecting life-history traits such as dispersal and life-span [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 728-740, 2010].

MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF ULTRAMAFIC HYPOXENOLITHS IN ALKALI-RICH PORPHYRY

Ultramafic hypoxenoliths found in the alkali-rich porphyry in the Liuhe Village, Heqing, Yunnan, China, are of great significance in understanding the origin and evolution of the porphyry. This paper discusses the mineralogical features of the hypoxenoliths. It shows that the xenoliths are characterized by the upper mantle rocks modified to certain extent by the enriched mantle fluid metasomatism in the mantle environment, with the enriched mantle property of low-degree partial melting. This constitutes the important mineralogical evidence for the petrogenesis and mineralization of alkali-rich porphyry.

Localization and characterization of the hypothetical protein CT440 in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells

The inclusion membrane proteins play potentially important roles in chlamydial biology and pathogenesis.Here we localized and characterized the hypothetical protein CT440 in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells.The open reading frame(ORF) encoding the CT440 protein from the C.trachomatis serovar D genome was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-6p and expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase(GST) fusion protein in E.coli XL1-Blue.The CT440 fusion protein was used to immunize mice to raise antigen-specific antibody.After verification by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay(IFA),the specific antibody was used to localize the endogenous CT440 protein and to detect its expression pattern in Chlamydia-infected cells.Cytosolic expression of CT440 in HeLa cells was also carried out to evaluate the effect of the CT440 protein on the subsequent chlamydial infection.The results showed that the hypothetical protein CT440 was localized in the C.trachomatis inclusion membrane,and was detectable 12 h after chlamydial infection.Expression of CT440 in the cytoplasm did not inhibit the subsequent chlamydial infection.In summary,we have identified a new inclusion membrane protein that may be an important candidate for understanding C.trachomatis pathogenesis.

Individual variation in dispersal associated behavioral traits of the invasive Chinese mitten crab （Eriocheir sinensis, H. Milne Edwards, 1854） during initial invasion of Lake V^inern, Sweden

Understanding and predicting species range-expansions and biological invasions is an important challenge in modem ecology because of rapidly changing environments. Recent studies have revealed that consistent within-species variation in behavior （i.e. animal personality） can be imperative for dispersal success, a key stage in the invasion process. Here we investigate the composition and correlation of two important personality traits associated with invasion success, activity and boldness, and how they are connected to sex and individual size in a newly colonised population of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in Lake Vanem, Sweden. We found no effect of sex or size on behavioral expressions orE. sinensis but a clear positive correlation between boldness and activity. In addition, this study generates important baseline data for monitoring behavioral develop ment, and thereby changing ecological impact, of an invading population over time. This has implications for predicting ecological effects of invasive species as well as for managing ecological invasions.

Dynamics of saltwater intrusion in the Modaomen Waterway of the Pearl River Estuary

Observations indicate an abnormal characteristic of saltwater intrusion in the upper Modaomen Waterway of the Pearl River Estuary,i.e.,the maximum salinity occurs during the neap tide or the coming moderate tide instead of during the spring tide.To explore the associated dynamic mechanisms,a high resolution three-dimensional numerical model was set up based on the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(FVCOM),which covered the entire river network,the Pearl River Estuary,and the adjacent sea.Numerical experiments illustrated that the upper Modaomen Waterway is significantly influenced by the saltwater intrusion from the Hongwan Waterway,a narrow and shallow channel connecting the Modaomen Waterway to the sea.Specific topography,spring-neap tidal variation,local wind stress,and their interaction drive an up-estuary residual current in the Hongwan Waterway,which is much stronger during the neap tide than during the spring tide.As a result,more saltwater in the Hongwan Waterway is spilled over into the Modaomen Waterway during the neap tide or the coming moderate tide.This is the inherent dynamic mechanism why the saltwater intrusion in the upper Modaomen Waterway reaches its maximum during the neap tide or the coming moderate tide.Besides,we also found that the winter prevailing wind can pronouncedly enhance the saltwater intrusion in the Modaomen Waterway.

A critical evaluation of subjective ratings： Unacquainted observers can reliably assess certain personality traits

Methods to measure consistent individual differences in behavior （i.e. animal personality） fall into two categories, subjective ratings and behavioral codings. Ratings are seldom used despite being potentially more efficient than codings. One potential limitation for the use of ratings is that it is assumed that long-term observers or experts in the field are required to score individuals. This can be problematic in many cases, especially for long-term ecological studies where there is high turnover in personnel. We tested whether raters who were unacquainted with subjects could produce reliable and valid personality assessments of yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris. Two raters, previously unacquainted with individuals and marmot be- havior, scored 130 subjects on fifteen different adjectives in both open-field （OF） and mirror image stimulation （MIS） trials. Eight OF and nine MIS adjectives were reliable as indicated by both a high degree of intra-observer and inter-observer reliability. Additionally, some ratings were externally valid, correlating with behavioral codings. Our data suggest that activity/exploration and sociability can be a reliable and valid measurement of personality traits in studies where raters were unacquainted with subjects. These traits are observable with the personality tests we used; otherwise researchers using unacquainted raters should be cautious in the tests they employ [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 162-169, 2014].