特异性训练原则是运动训练的基本原则之一,通过特定训练(训练量、强度、次数,工作模式),产生特定适应,进而获得最佳化的运动能力。本研究利用文献资料法对PubMed,IngentaConnect, Science Direct和Web of Science进行了筛选,查找以下关...特异性训练原则是运动训练的基本原则之一,通过特定训练(训练量、强度、次数,工作模式),产生特定适应,进而获得最佳化的运动能力。本研究利用文献资料法对PubMed,IngentaConnect, Science Direct和Web of Science进行了筛选,查找以下关键字和搜索词的组合:组合训练、干扰效应、军事人员、特异性适应。对组合训练产生适应性的生物分子机制进行了一定程度上的研究。研究发现,组合训练在分子机制上可能存在抑制,与力量和耐力训练的信号通路有关,受到急性运动、训练总负荷、训练历史的影响。尽管肌肉代谢的几个关键调节因子有可能解释耐力和力量运动之间适应性的不相容性,但现在看来多个组合而不是单一的分子或过程可能产生"干扰效应"。当前,虽然对组合训练的研究比单模式训练(耐力训练、力量或爆发力训练)的关注要少,但现有证据支持耐力训练对力量训练引起的肌肉肥大和力量存在"干扰效应"。鉴于不同运动在未经训练的现役人员的骨骼肌中诱导相似的信号传导和基因表达,目前尚不清楚的是如何通过之前的训练史来修改分子反应的特异性。另外,适应的时间过程和"表型特异性"对运动指导具有重要意义。组合训练是过于简单的,并不能代表士兵训练的真实情景。军事职业人员的需求和管理往往限制了周期性项目中不同运动模式的"最佳"时机。因此,需要在不同的时间采取不同的运动模式以避免适应性干扰。展开更多
Extant giant pandas are divided into Sichuan and Qinling subspecies.The giant panda has many speciesspecific characteristics,including comparatively small organs for body size,small genitalia of male individuals,and l...Extant giant pandas are divided into Sichuan and Qinling subspecies.The giant panda has many speciesspecific characteristics,including comparatively small organs for body size,small genitalia of male individuals,and low reproduction.Here,we report the most contiguous,high-quality chromosomelevel genomes of two extant giant panda subspecies to date,with the first genome assembly of the Qinling subspecies.Compared with the previously assembled giant panda genomes based on short reads,our two assembled genomes increased contiguity over 200-fold at the contig level.Additional sequencing of 25 individuals dated the divergence of the Sichuan and Qinling subspecies into two distinct clusters from 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.Comparative genomic analyses identified the loss of regulatory elements in the dachshund family transcription factor 2(DACH2)gene and specific changes in the synaptotagmin 6(SYT6)gene,which may be responsible for the reduced fertility of the giant panda.Positive selection analysis between the two subspecies indicated that the reproduction-associated IQ motif containing D(IQCD)gene may at least partly explain the different reproduction rates of the two subspecies.Furthermore,several genes in the Hippo pathway exhibited signs of rapid evolution with giant panda-specific variants and divergent regulatory elements,which may contribute to the reduced inner organ sizes of the giant panda.展开更多
文摘特异性训练原则是运动训练的基本原则之一,通过特定训练(训练量、强度、次数,工作模式),产生特定适应,进而获得最佳化的运动能力。本研究利用文献资料法对PubMed,IngentaConnect, Science Direct和Web of Science进行了筛选,查找以下关键字和搜索词的组合:组合训练、干扰效应、军事人员、特异性适应。对组合训练产生适应性的生物分子机制进行了一定程度上的研究。研究发现,组合训练在分子机制上可能存在抑制,与力量和耐力训练的信号通路有关,受到急性运动、训练总负荷、训练历史的影响。尽管肌肉代谢的几个关键调节因子有可能解释耐力和力量运动之间适应性的不相容性,但现在看来多个组合而不是单一的分子或过程可能产生"干扰效应"。当前,虽然对组合训练的研究比单模式训练(耐力训练、力量或爆发力训练)的关注要少,但现有证据支持耐力训练对力量训练引起的肌肉肥大和力量存在"干扰效应"。鉴于不同运动在未经训练的现役人员的骨骼肌中诱导相似的信号传导和基因表达,目前尚不清楚的是如何通过之前的训练史来修改分子反应的特异性。另外,适应的时间过程和"表型特异性"对运动指导具有重要意义。组合训练是过于简单的,并不能代表士兵训练的真实情景。军事职业人员的需求和管理往往限制了周期性项目中不同运动模式的"最佳"时机。因此,需要在不同的时间采取不同的运动模式以避免适应性干扰。
基金supported by the National Key Program(2016YFC0503200)from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinaa special grant for the giant panda from the State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the People’s Republic of Chinathe Foundation of Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration(State Park Administration)on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park(KLSFGAGP2020.002)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write(2017B030301011)。
文摘Extant giant pandas are divided into Sichuan and Qinling subspecies.The giant panda has many speciesspecific characteristics,including comparatively small organs for body size,small genitalia of male individuals,and low reproduction.Here,we report the most contiguous,high-quality chromosomelevel genomes of two extant giant panda subspecies to date,with the first genome assembly of the Qinling subspecies.Compared with the previously assembled giant panda genomes based on short reads,our two assembled genomes increased contiguity over 200-fold at the contig level.Additional sequencing of 25 individuals dated the divergence of the Sichuan and Qinling subspecies into two distinct clusters from 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.Comparative genomic analyses identified the loss of regulatory elements in the dachshund family transcription factor 2(DACH2)gene and specific changes in the synaptotagmin 6(SYT6)gene,which may be responsible for the reduced fertility of the giant panda.Positive selection analysis between the two subspecies indicated that the reproduction-associated IQ motif containing D(IQCD)gene may at least partly explain the different reproduction rates of the two subspecies.Furthermore,several genes in the Hippo pathway exhibited signs of rapid evolution with giant panda-specific variants and divergent regulatory elements,which may contribute to the reduced inner organ sizes of the giant panda.
