青藏高原北缘地区地震波动力学特征量变化与强震关系的研究

利用甘肃河西张掖数字化地震台网观测到的肃南南部地区1988年9月至1990年4月间的地震记录资料，以及刘家峡、合作、肃南、靖远等地震台观测到的景泰地区1989年2月至1990年10月的地震资料，分析研究了这些台站所在的青藏高原北缘地区地震波动力学特征量变化与该区及邻近地区在这些时间段内发生的3次Ms＞5．5级强震的关系。所研究的地震波动力学特征是有P波初始部分及短周期地脉动的波形时间线性度和空间线性度，平均半周期、出射角和方位角，频谱的峰值频率、拐角频率，相对频带宽度、相对频谱峰值，高频段的潜线斜率绝对值，尾波的时间熵、振幅比、持续时间变化量等。

石羊河流域蒸发量变化特征及影响因素分析

利用Mann-Kendall、小波分析和灰色关联度法,分析了石羊河流域6个气象站1959~2005年蒸发量变化特征及主要影响因子。研究结果表明：石羊河流域47a平均蒸发量呈下降趋势,蒸发突变点大约发生在20世纪60年代、80年代中后期和2000年左右,夏季和春季蒸发量减少幅度较大是年蒸发量减少的主要原因;蒸发量的空间分布与其减少趋势的空间分布均呈西南-东北的增加变化特征,这与流域下垫面情况和气象因子密切相关;蒸发量有28a和20a的周期变化,其内还包含有10~14a的小周期变化;影响蒸发量的主要气候因子中,气温、日照时数和风速与蒸发量的关联度较大,平均气温和日照时数呈显著上升趋势,平均风速表现为显著下降趋势,降水、相对湿度和水汽压变化较弱,平均风速的明显减少可能补偿了气温和日照时数增加引起蒸发量的增加,导致蒸发量的减少。

河西走廊东部蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征分析

采用线性拟合和完全相关系数法,分析河西走廊东部1961—2013年蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征。结果表明:河西走廊东部近53a平均蒸发量北部明显多于南部,各地年变化趋势不一致,除乌鞘岭呈减少趋势外,其余4站呈增加趋势。各站月平均蒸发量变化呈单峰型,5—6月是一年中蒸发最大的月份,1月和12月是一年中蒸发最小的月份。

涞源岩溶地下水系统泉水量变化特征分析

涞源泉泉域是一个全封闭式泉排型岩溶水系统,泉水利用对当地工农业生产发挥了重要作用。通过对涞源岩溶地下水系统特征分析,利用地表水系列资料,采用基流分割法、相关系数法等,计算出泉水量系列资料。由降水补给地下水,再以泉水的形式排泄,在此过程中使水量在时间上滞后,而且水量趋于平稳,泉水量年极值比为7.33,变差系数为0.34,年内分配变化幅度平缓。由降水-入渗-地下径流-泉水排出的过程,水资源经过地下岩溶调节作用,有利于水资源的开发利用,而且对水质也起到净化作用。研究和分析岩溶地下水径流量变化特征,为合理利用泉水资源提供科学依据。

不同型式主变压器联合运行电气特征量分析及继电保护配置研究

某电厂主变压器(三相变压器组)拟对C相进行单独更换,由于新C相与旧A/B相的阻抗及对地电容值存在差异,需要对主变压器新C相与旧A/B相联合运行下的电气特征量变化进行理论推导和仿真分析,校核与过电流保护相关的三相电流不平衡度,以及与定子接地保护相关的位移电压的变化等,以确定相关继电保护配置及定值整定的应对措施,为后续主变压器C相更换的实施提供决策依据。上述做法将为后续电站类似技改工作提供借鉴。

三岔河上游景观格局变化对径流量的影响

基于地理信息系统空间分析方法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关法和景观格局指数分析法,探究2000—2015年景观格局变化对三岔河上游径流量的影响。结果表明:在变化趋势上,1990—2015年间的年降水量与年径流量变化趋势存在一致性,但是年径流量的变化幅度大于年降水量的;在景观水平上,径流量变化与最大斑块面积指数、景观形状指数、聚集度指数呈正相关,而与景观破碎度、Shannon多样性指数、Shannon均匀度指数呈负相关;在类型水平上,径流量变化与林地、草地的散布及并列指数呈负相关,而与建设用地、耕地的最大斑块面积指数呈正相关。

土壤盐分分布特征评价

通过室内积水入渗土壤盐分运移模拟试验 ,分析了水盐迁移特征 ,并针对盐碱地干排法的特点 ,提出了一些土壤盐分变化特征量。同时分析了这些土壤盐分变化特征量和水盐迁移特性间的关系 。

柱壳结构体系的损伤诊断

由于对柱壳结构的损伤部位和程度进行诊断是确保柱壳结构安全可靠的重要保证,采用振动理论对柱壳结构体系进行损伤分析,利用同阶特征对比值变化量和应变模态差作为损伤诊断因子。数值模拟计算结果表明,这两个变量作为损伤诊断因子,能够凸现柱壳结构的损伤部位及损伤程度大小;运用这两个变量诊断非贯穿性小损伤,能够很好地显现损伤部位和损伤程度;计算结果也表明,柱壳结构对损伤部位较为敏感,腰部损伤比顶部损伤对柱壳结构的影响大。

Seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy in the Changjiang River estuary： a numerical study

Tidal rivers are intrinsically complex because tidal propagation is influenced by river discharge. This study aims to examine the seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy variance in the tidal river of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary in China. In order to quantify the behaviour of river and tide,we use numerical modelling that has been validated using measured data. We conduct our analysis by quantifying the discharge and energy variance in separate components for both the river and the tide,during wet and dry seasons. We note various definitions of tidal prism and explore the difference between tidal discharge on the flood and ebb and tidal storage volume. The results show that the river discharge attenuates the tidal motion and reduces the tidal flood discharge but the tidal storage volume is approximately constant with different riverine discharge since part of the fresh water discharge is intercepted and captured in the estuary due to the backwater effect. It appears that the tidal discharge adjusts according to the variation of river discharge to keep a constant tidal storage volume. An analysis of the hydraulics shows that the transition from tidal dominance(at the mouth) to river dominance(upstream) depends on the location of tidal current reversal which varies from wet season to dry season. Duringthe wet season,the Changjiang River estuary is totally dominated by energy from fresh water discharge.

Growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed(Arundo donax L.) in soil contaminated with arsenic,cadmium and lead

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed(Arundo donax L.),a perennial rhizomatous grass,which was cultivated for 70 d in soils contaminated with As,Cd and Pb.The results show that giant reed rapidly grows with big biomass of shoots in contaminated soil,possessing strong metal-tolerance with limited metal translocation from roots to shoots.When As,Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil are less than 254,76.1 and 1 552 mg/kg,respectively,plant height and dried biomass are slightly reduced,the accumulation of As,Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low while metal concentration in roots is high,and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM images.However,plant height and dried biomass are significantly reduced and metal concentration in plant shoots and roots are significantly increased(P<0.05),the stems images become heterogeneous and the secretion in vascular bundles increases significantly when As,Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil exceed 334,101 and 2 052 mg/kg,respectively.The giant reed is a promising,naturally occurring plant with strong metal-tolerance,which can be cultivated in soils contaminated with multiple metals for ecoremediation purposes.

Data organization and management of mine typical object spectral libraries

With the development of mining industry,people have obtained profits from it,but they are facing environmental damages.In order to monitor these environmental changes,a spectral library is set up for the spectrum data organization and management of mine typical objects.Most of the spectrum data come from the long-term field measuring in mining area and other spectral libraries.For the data quality control and error detection in the measuring data,an inner precision calculation method is presented and a series of interactive graphical controls are developed for the spectrum visualization and analysis.Through extracting and saving spectrum characters for the mine typical objects,realizs spectrum matching and classification for new measured spectrum samples are realized by using Euclidean distance,Aitchison distance,Pearson correlation coefficient and vector angular cosine methods.Based on the matching result,this work is able to gather dynamically physicochemical environment parameters from the library and gives an early warning for the mine environmental changes.

Response of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset to air-sea heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean

We objectively define the onset date of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon, after having evaluated previous studies and considered various factors. Then, interannual and interdecadal characteristics of the SCS summer monsoon onset are analyzed. In addition, we calculate air-sea heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean using the advanced method of CORARE3.0, based on satellite remote sensing data. The onset variation cycle has remarkable interdecadal variability with cycles of 16 a and 28 a. Correlation analysis between air-sea heat fluxes in the Indian Ocean and the SCS summer monsoon indicates that there is a remarkable lag correlation between them. This result has important implications for prediction of the SCS summer monsoon, and provides a scientific basis for further study of the onset process of this monsoon and its prediction. Based on these results, a linear regression equation is obtained to predict the onset date of the monsoon in 2011 and 2012. The forecast is that the onset date of 2011 will be normal or 1 pentad earlier than the normal year, while the onset date in 2012 will be 1-2 pentads later.

Variation Trend and Characteristics of Anthropogenic CO Column Content in the Atmosphere over Beijing and Moscow

The anthropogenic CO column content in the atmosphere is derived from measurements with infrared grating spectrometers in Beijing,China,and Moscow,Russia,during 1992–2012.Some specific variation characteristics and long-term variation trends of the CO column content in the atmosphere in these regions are discussed.An evident variation trend of anthropogenic CO in the atmosphere for the Beijing region is not observed during 1992–2012,while for the Moscow region,it decreases yearly by about 1.4% for the same period.High CO concentrations appear quite frequently in Beijing,but much less frequently in Moscow,except during the natural fire events in summer 2010.From back trajectory analysis,the high CO concentration observed in Beijing can be attributed to the intensive CO emission sources in its surrounding areas.

Regional applicability of seven meteorological drought indices in China

The definition of a drought index is the foundation of drought research.However,because of the complexity of drought,there is no a unified drought index appropriate for different drought types and objects at the same time.Therefore,it is crucial to determine the regional applicability of various drought indices.Using terrestrial water storage obtained from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment,and the observed soil moisture and streamflow in China,we evaluated the regional applicability of seven meteorological drought indices:the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI),modified PDSI(PDSI_CN) based on observations in China,self-calibrating PDSI(scPDSI),Surface Wetness Index(SWI),Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI),and soil moisture simulations conducted using the community land model driven by observed atmospheric forcing(CLM3.5/ObsFC).The results showed that the scPDSI is most appropriate for China.However,it should be noted that the scPDSI reduces the value range slightly compared with the PDSI and PDSI_CN;thus,the classification of dry and wet conditions should be adjusted accordingly.Some problems might exist when using the PDSI and PDSI_CN in humid and arid areas because of the unsuitability of empiricalparameters.The SPI and SPEI are more appropriate for humid areas than arid and semiarid areas.This is because contributions of temperature variation to drought are neglected in the SPI,but overestimated in the SPEI,when potential evapotranspiration is estimated by the Thornthwaite method in these areas.Consequently,the SPI and SPEI tend to induce wetter and drier results,respectively.The CLM3.5/ObsFC is suitable for China before 2000,but not for arid and semiarid areas after 2000.Consistent with other drought indices,the SWI shows similar interannual and decadal change characteristics in detecting annual dry/wet variations.Although the long-term trends of drought areas in China detected by these seven drought indices during 1961-2013 are consistent,obvious differences exist among the values of drought areas,which might be attributable to the definitions of the drought indices in addition to climatic change.

Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of global evaporation revealed by eight reanalyses

On the basis of eight atmospheric reanalyses, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of global evaporation and also briefly evaluated the eight reanalyses. The results indicate that the long-term mean annual evaporation obtained from different reanalyses are consistent over most regions, with significant maritime-continental contrasts, as well as differences in meridional directions, and the land evaporation generally decreases with the increase of altitude. In addition, the temporal evolution of global evaporation varies significantly among the datasets, MERRA, ERA-Interim, NCEP-NCRA, and NCEP-DOE are very similar, whereas CFSR agrees best with ERA-40. Comparison of the inter-annual to inter-decadal variability of land evaporation reveals large differences among the reanalyses, whereas MERRA, CFSR, and NCEP-DOE are exactly similar. The temporal variation of evaporation over the oceans showed a relatively high consistency, which indicates that the quality of the reconstructed evaporation values over the oceans is higher, and even greater uncertainties lie in the estimates of evaporation over the land. In general, MERRA and NCEP-DOE may appropriately reflect the spatial-temporal characteristics of global evaporation, showing strong representativeness. The CFSR and ERA-40 are capable of revealing the characteristics of land evaporation, whereas ERA-Interim, NCEP-NCAR, OAFlux, and HOAPS are relatively applicable for research focused on the evaporation over the oceans. According to ERA-40, NCEP-NCAR, and OAFlux, global evaporation significantly decreased for the period of 1958–1978. In contrast, most of the eight reanalyses show a significant linear increase for the period of 1979–2011, and evaporation over the oceans was even more pronounced. Furthermore, the results are presented for the mean annual cycle of global evaporation, the changes at the low latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere are most distinct, and the monthly variation amplitude of the land evaporation was higher than that of the evaporation over the oceans.