Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the r...Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the right to free expression Holocaust Denial concerns denying facts and therefore, it is not a question of freedom of speech. At the same vein, inquiring into the conceptual grounds of the theory of criminalization, the article provides that Holocaust Denial cannot and should not be criminalized.展开更多
Letter of Credit （L/C） is a payment method offered by bank for settling the foreign trade. The existence of L/C is a means capable of providing guarantee for the interests of the sellers and buyers. In the event of ...Letter of Credit （L/C） is a payment method offered by bank for settling the foreign trade. The existence of L/C is a means capable of providing guarantee for the interests of the sellers and buyers. In the event of default by either party, either the seller or the buyer, the bank as the L/C issuer will provide payment guarantee for the seller or the waiver of payment for the buyer. The bank’s risk in issuing the L/C is regarding with the weakness of L/C. In Article 5 of UCP 600, it is emphasized that in transactions using L/C, banks deal only with documents, not dealing with goods, or other implementation. In Article 14a of UCP 600 it is affirmed that the L/C payments are based on the suitability between the L/C requirements and the submitted documents viewed under “on their face”. The bank authority as the guarantor which only deals with the documents in making payments causing the L/C instrument is often used in fraud against the bank. Many banking fraud cases that occur in Indonesia take advantage of L/C weakness. This paper will discuss the occurrence of criminal acts in the banking by exploiting weaknesses in the L/C that makes the bank as a victim. In addition, this paper aims to explain the effort to overcome the criminal acts that occurred at the issuing bank as a victim by using L/C. The discussion in this paper emphasized the application of laws and regulations applicable to indict the perpetrators of criminal acts in the banking sector by exploiting weaknesses of L/C. Aspects of the discussion of a criminal offense are based on the Act No. 10 of 1998 concerning banking, and under the provisions of the Criminal Code.展开更多
Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human...Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.展开更多
Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and commen...Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and comments by experts in various fields. In this regard, most scholars agree that a hate based crime is distinguished from a ＂regular＂ criminal offence by the motive--the attack is aimed at a victim who is part of a differentiated minority group. However, when reading the relevant documents in the area, it seems that the differences between the experts start at the most basic point--what constitutes hate crimes？ This article analyses the concept of ＂hate crimes＂ via an interdisciplinary approach aimed at flashing out the fundamental gaps in the research. We have found that the problems include, inter alia, discrepancies in the definition of hate crimes, methodological difficulties regarding validity and legitimacy （mainly due to the absence of information based on the attacker＇s point of view） and the lack of agreement on the appropriate legal methods required to deal with the ramifications of hate crimes. While part I of this paper revolves around the theoretical aspects of the questions put forth at the centre of this article, part II looks at the same questions from a legal viewpoint. The correlation between the two chapters shows the impact the methodological difficulties have on enforcement endeavors. This relation is further advanced through the examination of test cases from different countries, among them--lsrael. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting a few thoughts on the way to overcome the theoretical problems and making the enforcement efforts more efficient.展开更多
While criminal investigations are usually conducted after the crime has been committed, these investigations can benefit from community crime prevention initiatives. The use of citizen volunteers, citizen awareness ca...While criminal investigations are usually conducted after the crime has been committed, these investigations can benefit from community crime prevention initiatives. The use of citizen volunteers, citizen awareness campaigns, community-driven research, and programs that facilitate effective police-community relations can aid the investigator in collecting testimony that might otherwise go unreported. Specific examples of how cases have been cleared due to the beneficial inclusion of citizen satisfaction research, crime prevention resources, and volunteer personnel demonstrate how community, crime prevention, and investigation of criminal behavior can be interlinked. The theme of this paper rests on the notion that the community＇s sense of collective efficacy, crime prevention efforts, and criminal investigation processes are not mutually exclusive, but instead should be considered as related aspects of the crime-fighting spectrum.展开更多
The focus of this study is the critical analysis of data related to Hispanic males and criminality, Factors, such as marital status, income level, age, and police contact, are measureable entities that are at the core...The focus of this study is the critical analysis of data related to Hispanic males and criminality, Factors, such as marital status, income level, age, and police contact, are measureable entities that are at the core of the statistical ,analysis, A cross-disciplinary approach provides a cultural context for the statistical world of numbers, The socially conflicting terms of masculinity and maleness will lead to a discussion of macho behavior and criminaliW, Macho behavior, often interpreted as aggressive, may arouse police suspicion, In this case, the police will stop Hispanic males because of their behavior, not necessarily because they committed a crime, This study will show that the cycle of poverty prevents Hispanic males of low-income families from contacting with the police, whereas uneducated Hispanic males must confirm their masculinity in a criminal behavior, CriminaliW, often associated with violence as machismo, is the social over compensation for a male inferiority complex that finds its origin in the Spanish conquest of South America,展开更多
In order to resist some prisoner who have received rewards of commutation to implement some illegal or criminal behavior in the course of imprisonment, the system of commutation revocation must be established, which c...In order to resist some prisoner who have received rewards of commutation to implement some illegal or criminal behavior in the course of imprisonment, the system of commutation revocation must be established, which can advantage imprisonment and reduce the costs of imprisonment. The system of commutation revocation can obey to the criminal policy of temper justice with mercy and the principle of ＂collecting mistakes whenever discovered＂ and obtain the penalty goal of special prevention. In order to protect some prisoner＇ s benefit, the prisoner who be revoked the rewards of commutation can take part in the course of juice, the postbox which be opened only by the NPC and committee must be installed in prison. This will be advantage of some prisoner who be revoked the rewards of commutation appealing to the NPC and committee. Because of weakness of necessarily and execution, the system of commutation revocation cannot be established when the prisoner have been released currently.展开更多
Crime scene is any given place where it committed a criminal offense, in which the investigation should be done to find the causes and mechanisms of occurrence and on these to be investigated, for tracking and apprehe...Crime scene is any given place where it committed a criminal offense, in which the investigation should be done to find the causes and mechanisms of occurrence and on these to be investigated, for tracking and apprehension of perpetrators. Preservation of the scene is a very important action regarding the investigation and prosecution of the event that has happened, where law enforcement agencies or units that conduct surveillance of the scene make it. To preserve a scene means： to preserve the land in that state who has left the presidency. Preservation of the scene of that condition that has left the perpetrator is of particular importance to the inspection teams for tracks and material evidence found there are untouched and proceeding or their expertise will help prosecute perpetrators respectively capture of that work. Tracks and material evidence found in the scene should be retained together with all the space where the event happened because a possible carelessness during the examination as well as during the process of storage and security will bring us to a situation in which we will have our doubts concerning the tracks and material evidence found in that place. Also, preservation of the crime scene needs to be done because of the all action who have to take the searching unit, they need to be sure and security from everything that comes from outside.展开更多
In the scales of the human rights protection which is not only meant to protect the basic rights of suspects, but also included the rights of victims, both are very important. However, during the execution process, th...In the scales of the human rights protection which is not only meant to protect the basic rights of suspects, but also included the rights of victims, both are very important. However, during the execution process, the criminal legal relations are always simply to be defined as the relationship between the national authorities with the suspects except the victims. The victim＇ s benefits and aspirations are often ignored because they are viewed as a category of witnesses. Therefore, it is against the will of legals,which is better to give the victims the concerned parties to participants the processing, then their rights can be protected and got the coordinating compensation.展开更多
In an evolutionary perspective individuals are expected to vary the degree of parental love and care in relation to the fitness value that a child represents. Hence, stepparents are expected to show less solicitude th...In an evolutionary perspective individuals are expected to vary the degree of parental love and care in relation to the fitness value that a child represents. Hence, stepparents are expected to show less solicitude than genetically related parents, and this lack of genetic relatedness has been used to explain the higher frequencies of child abuse and homicide found in stepfamilies. However, other factors than non-genetic relatedness may cause this over-representation in stepfamilies. Here we use a 45-year data set of parental chiltl homicides in Sweden to test two hypotheses related to the higher incidence in stepfamilies： 1） adults in different types of family differ in their general disposition to use violence, and 2） parents are more likely to kill stepchildren than genetically related children. Of the 152 perpetrators in biparental families there was an overrepresentation of perpetrators in step- families （n=27） compared with the general population. We found support for the first hypothesis in that both general and violent crime rates were higher in stepfamilies, both in the general population and among perpetrators of child homicide. However, we found no support for the second hypothesis because of the 27 perpetrators in stepfamilies the perpetrator killed a genetically related child in 13 cases, a stepchild in 13 cases and both types of children in one case. Moreover, out of the 12 families where the perpetrator lived with both stepchildren and genetic children, there was no bias towards killing stepchildren. Thus, we found no evidence for an effect of non-genetic relatedness per se [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 253-259, 2011].展开更多
文摘Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the right to free expression Holocaust Denial concerns denying facts and therefore, it is not a question of freedom of speech. At the same vein, inquiring into the conceptual grounds of the theory of criminalization, the article provides that Holocaust Denial cannot and should not be criminalized.
文摘Letter of Credit （L/C） is a payment method offered by bank for settling the foreign trade. The existence of L/C is a means capable of providing guarantee for the interests of the sellers and buyers. In the event of default by either party, either the seller or the buyer, the bank as the L/C issuer will provide payment guarantee for the seller or the waiver of payment for the buyer. The bank’s risk in issuing the L/C is regarding with the weakness of L/C. In Article 5 of UCP 600, it is emphasized that in transactions using L/C, banks deal only with documents, not dealing with goods, or other implementation. In Article 14a of UCP 600 it is affirmed that the L/C payments are based on the suitability between the L/C requirements and the submitted documents viewed under “on their face”. The bank authority as the guarantor which only deals with the documents in making payments causing the L/C instrument is often used in fraud against the bank. Many banking fraud cases that occur in Indonesia take advantage of L/C weakness. This paper will discuss the occurrence of criminal acts in the banking by exploiting weaknesses in the L/C that makes the bank as a victim. In addition, this paper aims to explain the effort to overcome the criminal acts that occurred at the issuing bank as a victim by using L/C. The discussion in this paper emphasized the application of laws and regulations applicable to indict the perpetrators of criminal acts in the banking sector by exploiting weaknesses of L/C. Aspects of the discussion of a criminal offense are based on the Act No. 10 of 1998 concerning banking, and under the provisions of the Criminal Code.
文摘Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.
文摘Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and comments by experts in various fields. In this regard, most scholars agree that a hate based crime is distinguished from a ＂regular＂ criminal offence by the motive--the attack is aimed at a victim who is part of a differentiated minority group. However, when reading the relevant documents in the area, it seems that the differences between the experts start at the most basic point--what constitutes hate crimes？ This article analyses the concept of ＂hate crimes＂ via an interdisciplinary approach aimed at flashing out the fundamental gaps in the research. We have found that the problems include, inter alia, discrepancies in the definition of hate crimes, methodological difficulties regarding validity and legitimacy （mainly due to the absence of information based on the attacker＇s point of view） and the lack of agreement on the appropriate legal methods required to deal with the ramifications of hate crimes. While part I of this paper revolves around the theoretical aspects of the questions put forth at the centre of this article, part II looks at the same questions from a legal viewpoint. The correlation between the two chapters shows the impact the methodological difficulties have on enforcement endeavors. This relation is further advanced through the examination of test cases from different countries, among them--lsrael. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting a few thoughts on the way to overcome the theoretical problems and making the enforcement efforts more efficient.
文摘While criminal investigations are usually conducted after the crime has been committed, these investigations can benefit from community crime prevention initiatives. The use of citizen volunteers, citizen awareness campaigns, community-driven research, and programs that facilitate effective police-community relations can aid the investigator in collecting testimony that might otherwise go unreported. Specific examples of how cases have been cleared due to the beneficial inclusion of citizen satisfaction research, crime prevention resources, and volunteer personnel demonstrate how community, crime prevention, and investigation of criminal behavior can be interlinked. The theme of this paper rests on the notion that the community＇s sense of collective efficacy, crime prevention efforts, and criminal investigation processes are not mutually exclusive, but instead should be considered as related aspects of the crime-fighting spectrum.
文摘The focus of this study is the critical analysis of data related to Hispanic males and criminality, Factors, such as marital status, income level, age, and police contact, are measureable entities that are at the core of the statistical ,analysis, A cross-disciplinary approach provides a cultural context for the statistical world of numbers, The socially conflicting terms of masculinity and maleness will lead to a discussion of macho behavior and criminaliW, Macho behavior, often interpreted as aggressive, may arouse police suspicion, In this case, the police will stop Hispanic males because of their behavior, not necessarily because they committed a crime, This study will show that the cycle of poverty prevents Hispanic males of low-income families from contacting with the police, whereas uneducated Hispanic males must confirm their masculinity in a criminal behavior, CriminaliW, often associated with violence as machismo, is the social over compensation for a male inferiority complex that finds its origin in the Spanish conquest of South America,
文摘In order to resist some prisoner who have received rewards of commutation to implement some illegal or criminal behavior in the course of imprisonment, the system of commutation revocation must be established, which can advantage imprisonment and reduce the costs of imprisonment. The system of commutation revocation can obey to the criminal policy of temper justice with mercy and the principle of ＂collecting mistakes whenever discovered＂ and obtain the penalty goal of special prevention. In order to protect some prisoner＇ s benefit, the prisoner who be revoked the rewards of commutation can take part in the course of juice, the postbox which be opened only by the NPC and committee must be installed in prison. This will be advantage of some prisoner who be revoked the rewards of commutation appealing to the NPC and committee. Because of weakness of necessarily and execution, the system of commutation revocation cannot be established when the prisoner have been released currently.
文摘Crime scene is any given place where it committed a criminal offense, in which the investigation should be done to find the causes and mechanisms of occurrence and on these to be investigated, for tracking and apprehension of perpetrators. Preservation of the scene is a very important action regarding the investigation and prosecution of the event that has happened, where law enforcement agencies or units that conduct surveillance of the scene make it. To preserve a scene means： to preserve the land in that state who has left the presidency. Preservation of the scene of that condition that has left the perpetrator is of particular importance to the inspection teams for tracks and material evidence found there are untouched and proceeding or their expertise will help prosecute perpetrators respectively capture of that work. Tracks and material evidence found in the scene should be retained together with all the space where the event happened because a possible carelessness during the examination as well as during the process of storage and security will bring us to a situation in which we will have our doubts concerning the tracks and material evidence found in that place. Also, preservation of the crime scene needs to be done because of the all action who have to take the searching unit, they need to be sure and security from everything that comes from outside.
文摘In the scales of the human rights protection which is not only meant to protect the basic rights of suspects, but also included the rights of victims, both are very important. However, during the execution process, the criminal legal relations are always simply to be defined as the relationship between the national authorities with the suspects except the victims. The victim＇ s benefits and aspirations are often ignored because they are viewed as a category of witnesses. Therefore, it is against the will of legals,which is better to give the victims the concerned parties to participants the processing, then their rights can be protected and got the coordinating compensation.
文摘In an evolutionary perspective individuals are expected to vary the degree of parental love and care in relation to the fitness value that a child represents. Hence, stepparents are expected to show less solicitude than genetically related parents, and this lack of genetic relatedness has been used to explain the higher frequencies of child abuse and homicide found in stepfamilies. However, other factors than non-genetic relatedness may cause this over-representation in stepfamilies. Here we use a 45-year data set of parental chiltl homicides in Sweden to test two hypotheses related to the higher incidence in stepfamilies： 1） adults in different types of family differ in their general disposition to use violence, and 2） parents are more likely to kill stepchildren than genetically related children. Of the 152 perpetrators in biparental families there was an overrepresentation of perpetrators in step- families （n=27） compared with the general population. We found support for the first hypothesis in that both general and violent crime rates were higher in stepfamilies, both in the general population and among perpetrators of child homicide. However, we found no support for the second hypothesis because of the 27 perpetrators in stepfamilies the perpetrator killed a genetically related child in 13 cases, a stepchild in 13 cases and both types of children in one case. Moreover, out of the 12 families where the perpetrator lived with both stepchildren and genetic children, there was no bias towards killing stepchildren. Thus, we found no evidence for an effect of non-genetic relatedness per se [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 253-259, 2011].
