现有的出租车调度模型通常只优化实时成本而忽视当前路径规划对未来运营收益的影响,这不利于自动驾驶环境下的连续调度。为此,本文提出一个专注于长期收益的路径规划模型,并利用强化学习将预估的未来运营收益整合到实时调度问题中。模...现有的出租车调度模型通常只优化实时成本而忽视当前路径规划对未来运营收益的影响,这不利于自动驾驶环境下的连续调度。为此,本文提出一个专注于长期收益的路径规划模型,并利用强化学习将预估的未来运营收益整合到实时调度问题中。模型的具体求解方法是先利用神经网络来拟合车辆的不同时空状态的状态价值函数,再通过双神经网络和经验池的方式加快算法收敛。深圳路网仿真实验表明,所提出的调度模型能够预先精准地调度车队,服务更多乘客,获得更大的运营收益;并且模型能够利用分时电价的峰谷特征和电动汽车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)技术进行充放电,从而降低车队的能耗成本。相较于其他调度模型,该模型在长期运营中实现乘客匹配服务率增加4%,总收益提高25%,能耗成本节省50%以及乘客等待时间降低20%。展开更多
In order to study the effect of heat flux and inlet temperature on the fouling characteristics of nanoparticles, and to further reveal the fouling mechanism for insights into proper operating conditions, γ-Al_2O_3/wa...In order to study the effect of heat flux and inlet temperature on the fouling characteristics of nanoparticles, and to further reveal the fouling mechanism for insights into proper operating conditions, γ-Al_2O_3/water suspensions were chosen as the subject of this research. The particulate fouling characteristics of γ-Al_2O_3/water suspensions on the surface of stainless steel have been experimentally studied by varying the heat flux and the inlet temperature under single-phase flow and subcooled-flow boiling conditions. The results show that in the condition of single-phase flow, the asymptotic value of fouling resistance decreases with increasing of heat flux and inlet temperature. The asymptotic value of fouling resistance under single-phase flow is much higher than for the subcooled-flow boiling condition. The effect of heat flux on the fouling resistance under the two flow states has an inverse relationship, and there exists a minimum value of fouling resistance between these two states. For subcooled-flow boiling, the asymptotic value of fouling resistance increases with increasing heat flux, whereas the effect on fouling resistance by the inlet temperature is negligible.展开更多
The appeal from municipalities, provinces and regions to financial derivative instruments is tied to the need of overcoming the situations in a state of urgency inherent in a balance. On average, one local Italian aut...The appeal from municipalities, provinces and regions to financial derivative instruments is tied to the need of overcoming the situations in a state of urgency inherent in a balance. On average, one local Italian authority in twenty has decided to underwrite a derivative product, giving life to a number of contracts that had a value of over 35 billion euro with an average value of 6.5 million for each contract until 2007. The boom of swaps has, since 2000 on, experienced a peak period from 2003 to the end of 2005, in which the Euribor rate touched a very low level, maintained itself for long periods at around 2% and fallen in some cases even under this value. Many of the contracts completed before 2006, which link the debt of local authorities to variable rates, but also many of those completed from 2006 onwards that moved debt onto fixed rate, which are now a source of loss for the balance of local authorities that have underwritten them. In the 2002-2008 period, the number of the stipulation of contracts local authorities reported to the Ministry of Economy and Finance is about 900, corresponding to more or less 150 per year, which affected 18 regions, 44 provinces, 532 municipalities and 4 mountain commtmities, for a total of 594 authorities. Therefore, the local authorities have approached the derivative instruments in an often approximate way without a real awareness, both for the conditions that were being negotiated and the effects that they would have produced in perspective. The purpose of this work is to highlight the consequences of the use of derivative instruments on the future management of local authorities.展开更多
the more attention is paid to rights of minorities, the more grounds will be there for peaceful coexistence. This paper will first discuss theoretical and ideological bases of status and citizenship rights of minoriti...the more attention is paid to rights of minorities, the more grounds will be there for peaceful coexistence. This paper will first discuss theoretical and ideological bases of status and citizenship rights of minorities before focusing on ＂citizenship status of minorities＂ and ＂citizenship rights of minorities＂ from the viewpoint of Islam. Islam here means the collection of Quran, Prophet Muhammad＇s （S） Sunnah, and Imam Ali＇s （AS） conduct. The main question of this paper is ＂what status and rights have been considered by Islam for minorities to allow peaceful coexistence in a Muslim society？＂ ＂Minority＂ here includes both religious and non-religious minorities. ＂Rights＂ here means that part of ＂assets,＂ ＂means,＂ ＂political and social leverages,＂ ＂privileges,＂ and ＂conditions＂ which the majority is bound to by law, religious and common sense to provide for minorities. The word ＂status＂ here means to respect, serve, and provide suitable conditions which are provided just out of respect for human values not due to legal compulsion. In this paper, we will first discuss theoretical and ideological fundaments of minorities＇ rights before discussing ＂citizenship status of minorities＂ and ＂citizenship rights of minorities＂ from the viewpoint of Islam. By Islam, we mean Quran as well as Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad （S） and conduct of Imam All （AS）.展开更多
＂ A Lost Lady＂ is at beginning of the 20th century, a important work of creation of a famous American writer Willa Cather, through a story that a woman in a social swirl in old age gradually fall and sink, it reflec...＂ A Lost Lady＂ is at beginning of the 20th century, a important work of creation of a famous American writer Willa Cather, through a story that a woman in a social swirl in old age gradually fall and sink, it reflects the commercialization of human society and other traditional values and lifestyle impact and erosion, and the desire of mankind for a better civilization. Works use artistic symbolism to play a certain role in the development of the plot, the characters change shape and opposition figures to portray the psychological state.展开更多
This paper examines Chinese popular affection for Germany through the lens of soft power. I contend that for the three sources of soft power-domestic values, foreign policy legitimacy, and culture, Germany provides so...This paper examines Chinese popular affection for Germany through the lens of soft power. I contend that for the three sources of soft power-domestic values, foreign policy legitimacy, and culture, Germany provides something positive for China. Germany＇s popularity is largely due to Beijing＇s habitual construction of Germany as an ideal ＂other.＂ Mainstream scholarship on soft power tends to focus on culture. This paper highlights values and foreign policy, showing that only when a country has trouble-free perceptions in these areas, will its cultural popularity be more pronounced and enduring. Soft power study needs to bring state back in.展开更多
文摘现有的出租车调度模型通常只优化实时成本而忽视当前路径规划对未来运营收益的影响,这不利于自动驾驶环境下的连续调度。为此,本文提出一个专注于长期收益的路径规划模型,并利用强化学习将预估的未来运营收益整合到实时调度问题中。模型的具体求解方法是先利用神经网络来拟合车辆的不同时空状态的状态价值函数,再通过双神经网络和经验池的方式加快算法收敛。深圳路网仿真实验表明,所提出的调度模型能够预先精准地调度车队,服务更多乘客,获得更大的运营收益;并且模型能够利用分时电价的峰谷特征和电动汽车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)技术进行充放电,从而降低车队的能耗成本。相较于其他调度模型,该模型在长期运营中实现乘客匹配服务率增加4%,总收益提高25%,能耗成本节省50%以及乘客等待时间降低20%。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51476025)
文摘In order to study the effect of heat flux and inlet temperature on the fouling characteristics of nanoparticles, and to further reveal the fouling mechanism for insights into proper operating conditions, γ-Al_2O_3/water suspensions were chosen as the subject of this research. The particulate fouling characteristics of γ-Al_2O_3/water suspensions on the surface of stainless steel have been experimentally studied by varying the heat flux and the inlet temperature under single-phase flow and subcooled-flow boiling conditions. The results show that in the condition of single-phase flow, the asymptotic value of fouling resistance decreases with increasing of heat flux and inlet temperature. The asymptotic value of fouling resistance under single-phase flow is much higher than for the subcooled-flow boiling condition. The effect of heat flux on the fouling resistance under the two flow states has an inverse relationship, and there exists a minimum value of fouling resistance between these two states. For subcooled-flow boiling, the asymptotic value of fouling resistance increases with increasing heat flux, whereas the effect on fouling resistance by the inlet temperature is negligible.
文摘The appeal from municipalities, provinces and regions to financial derivative instruments is tied to the need of overcoming the situations in a state of urgency inherent in a balance. On average, one local Italian authority in twenty has decided to underwrite a derivative product, giving life to a number of contracts that had a value of over 35 billion euro with an average value of 6.5 million for each contract until 2007. The boom of swaps has, since 2000 on, experienced a peak period from 2003 to the end of 2005, in which the Euribor rate touched a very low level, maintained itself for long periods at around 2% and fallen in some cases even under this value. Many of the contracts completed before 2006, which link the debt of local authorities to variable rates, but also many of those completed from 2006 onwards that moved debt onto fixed rate, which are now a source of loss for the balance of local authorities that have underwritten them. In the 2002-2008 period, the number of the stipulation of contracts local authorities reported to the Ministry of Economy and Finance is about 900, corresponding to more or less 150 per year, which affected 18 regions, 44 provinces, 532 municipalities and 4 mountain commtmities, for a total of 594 authorities. Therefore, the local authorities have approached the derivative instruments in an often approximate way without a real awareness, both for the conditions that were being negotiated and the effects that they would have produced in perspective. The purpose of this work is to highlight the consequences of the use of derivative instruments on the future management of local authorities.
文摘the more attention is paid to rights of minorities, the more grounds will be there for peaceful coexistence. This paper will first discuss theoretical and ideological bases of status and citizenship rights of minorities before focusing on ＂citizenship status of minorities＂ and ＂citizenship rights of minorities＂ from the viewpoint of Islam. Islam here means the collection of Quran, Prophet Muhammad＇s （S） Sunnah, and Imam Ali＇s （AS） conduct. The main question of this paper is ＂what status and rights have been considered by Islam for minorities to allow peaceful coexistence in a Muslim society？＂ ＂Minority＂ here includes both religious and non-religious minorities. ＂Rights＂ here means that part of ＂assets,＂ ＂means,＂ ＂political and social leverages,＂ ＂privileges,＂ and ＂conditions＂ which the majority is bound to by law, religious and common sense to provide for minorities. The word ＂status＂ here means to respect, serve, and provide suitable conditions which are provided just out of respect for human values not due to legal compulsion. In this paper, we will first discuss theoretical and ideological fundaments of minorities＇ rights before discussing ＂citizenship status of minorities＂ and ＂citizenship rights of minorities＂ from the viewpoint of Islam. By Islam, we mean Quran as well as Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad （S） and conduct of Imam All （AS）.
文摘＂ A Lost Lady＂ is at beginning of the 20th century, a important work of creation of a famous American writer Willa Cather, through a story that a woman in a social swirl in old age gradually fall and sink, it reflects the commercialization of human society and other traditional values and lifestyle impact and erosion, and the desire of mankind for a better civilization. Works use artistic symbolism to play a certain role in the development of the plot, the characters change shape and opposition figures to portray the psychological state.
文摘This paper examines Chinese popular affection for Germany through the lens of soft power. I contend that for the three sources of soft power-domestic values, foreign policy legitimacy, and culture, Germany provides something positive for China. Germany＇s popularity is largely due to Beijing＇s habitual construction of Germany as an ideal ＂other.＂ Mainstream scholarship on soft power tends to focus on culture. This paper highlights values and foreign policy, showing that only when a country has trouble-free perceptions in these areas, will its cultural popularity be more pronounced and enduring. Soft power study needs to bring state back in.
