对中国传统治玉工艺内在目标的思考

考察治玉工艺系统,从原则上说必须把工艺的外在表象和内在的主旨分解开来,考察和了解工艺思想和创造意识、工艺与造型的关系乃是研究治玉工艺的内涵核心与主题。

传统治玉工艺造型思想刍论

中国是世界上"琢玉为器"最早的国家,有着成熟的治玉工艺,而且治玉工艺的造型观与佛、释、儒等文化观念相结合,产生出各种各样的形态。纵观中国从古至今的治玉工艺,会发现治玉工艺的方式和语境发生了很大的变化,而治玉工艺的造型观却具有较强的稳定性,这与传统文化不间断的传承有着很大的关系。本文窥探中国治玉工艺造型观,对千百年来所积淀的造型观进行梳理,以期推动治玉工艺的传承发展和创新。

玉不琢不成器——浅析古代制玉工艺

综观我国的用玉历史,从新石器时代至今,已有近万年的历史,而玉器的使用是与其制作工艺密切相关的,因此对制玉工艺的探究也是玉器研究中一个必要的组成部分。关于玉器的制作工艺,文献中有不少记载,目前学术界也取得了很多研究成果,对制玉的流程有了较为清晰而完整的认识。不同的制作工艺都会在玉器上留下一定的痕迹,通过对玉器上残留的制玉工艺痕迹的分析研究,可以对玉器的鉴定起到一定的作用。

制玉工艺浅析

新石器时代,我国制玉工艺与石制工艺分离,而且制玉技术已经基本完善。而玉器制作工艺的发展水平与制玉工具的发展息息相关,每一次制玉工具的改进变回带动制玉工艺的飞速提高,其中砣机的发明推动了制玉工艺极速发展。本文通过对制玉工具发展过程的研究来探索不同时期制玉工艺的发展。

鹿邑太清宫长子口墓出土玉器的材料属性与制作工艺研究

为了解河南鹿邑太清宫长子口墓出土的部分典型玉器的材料属性与制作工艺,用多种无损科技分析技术对其进行了现场分析,获取了玉器材质矿物组成、纹饰微观形貌、穿孔孔径及内部微痕特征、表面琢磨微痕等综合物理化学信息。基于科技分析结果,确定了玉器的材质属性以及玉器表面纹饰、钻孔、琢磨等制作工艺相关信息。结合考古学背景资料信息,探讨了长子口墓地出土玉器在材质、器形、功能与工艺之间存在的关系。

玉润方寸——邮票上的玉文化

玉是中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分,以玉为中心载体的玉文化,深深影响了古代中国人的思想观念,成为中国文化不可缺少的一部分。发源于新石器时代早期而绵延至今的"玉文化"是中国文化有别于世界其他文明的显著特点。玉作为中华民族的先民从石头中筛选出来的"石之美者",具有温润莹泽、缜密坚韧的美感和实用功能。在漫长的筛选过程中,和田玉成为中华民族的瑰宝,是中国的"国石"。玉是中国的国宝,因此成为重要的图案素材,在1978年、2000年、2011年、2012年多次登上我国的邮票。

玉出昆仑——清乾隆宫廷制玉大繁荣中的新疆因素

乾隆时期宫廷玉器无论从数量还是质量都达到了古代宫廷玉器的最高峰,究其原因,最重要的一点是乾隆朝平定南疆后获得稳定的玉料产地。清朝在新疆的统治有效性和持续性,都超过了汉、唐、元等统一王朝。但清廷对和阗玉料的官办垄断性开采,违背了市场规律,既对当地民众造成极大的劳役负担,又不能避免官商勾结走私玉料,对清王朝在南疆的统治带来了负面影响。

山西史前玉器制作工艺探析

本文以山西庙底沟二期——龙山文化时期出土的玉器为例,从制作痕迹、工艺流程、制玉技法、制玉工具、工艺源流等方面,探讨山西史前玉器的制作工艺。山西地区出土的玉器制作加工已形成相对固定的流程:划线开料(线切割、片切割)、磨制、钻孔、抛光等,有一套完整的加工体系,制作工艺成熟,形成了自己的技术特色。

研析红山文化玉玦制作的步骤及使用的工具

红山文化玉玦在制作过程中的工艺是朴拙的,制作出来的玉玦方圆规整,边缘平滑。而这恰恰凸出了其在制作过程中所使用的工具特点,红山人除了有可能使用硬木、骨器等工具,最关键的是这些工具是借助于解玉砂一起来完成的。红山文化时期使用这些原始工具来琢磨玉玦,不仅是红山人对人类早期使用工具上的一种发明创造,也充分地表现出了红山人的聪明才智和创造能力。而且,这些工艺为辨别红山文化玉玦的真伪留下了科学的依据。

Effect Analysis on the Soaking Technics of Corn Wet Milling in the Laboratory

[Objective] The research aimed to find the optimal condition of corn starch production in the laboratory and analyze the soaking effect.[Method] The orthogonal test was used to determine the suitable technological condition.By the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope,the soaking effect was analyzed.[Result] The suitable soaking condition was：soaking time 48 h,soaking temperature 55 ℃ and SO2 concentration 0.2%.The microscopic analysis result was that the protein matrix was sufficiently decomposed in the suitable soaking condition.The soaking effect had the positive correlation with the decomposed degree of protein matrix.[Conclusion] The research provided the basis for the soaking technics research of corn starch in the laboratory.

Preparation of β-Sialon/ZrN bonded corundum composites from zircon by nitridation reaction sintering process

β-Sialon/ZrN bonded corundum composites were synthesized using fused white corundum,alumina micro powder,zircon and carbon black by nitridation reaction sintering process. Phase composition and microstructure of the synthesized composites were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electronic microscope,and the formation process of the composites was discussed. The results show that the composites with different compositions can be obtained by controlling the heating temperature and contents of zircon and carbon black. The proper temperature to synthesize the composites is 1773 K.

透明矿物作画新技法的探讨

透明矿物绝大多数属于造岩矿物。本方法是从透明矿物中选取色泽纯正、易采集、便于加工的矿物作原材应用于玉板画工艺中,将其加工后与粘合胶液混合调配出能适应石板填充作画的填料,随之进行画面刻绘、填充、打磨、抛光等工序。工艺中采用雕刻深浅变化使画面显现出似透非透的,与石板背景色形成交相辉映、约隐约现如出天然之韵味的效果。这种透明矿物作画的新技法,给玉板画工艺带来了勃勃生机,从而可实现了在石板上作画的挥洒飘逸,也增加了复杂画面的工艺处理手段,可充分利用和开发许多非金属矿产资源,前景十分广阔。

Process of aluminum dross recycling and life cycle assessment for Al-Si alloys and brown fused alumina

In 2008,around 596 000 t of aluminum dross was generated from secondary aluminum industry in China;however,it was not sufficiently recycled yet.Approximately 95% of the Al dross was land filled without innocent treatment.The purpose of this work is to investigate Al dross recycling by environmentally efficient and friendly methods.Two methods of Al dross recycling which could utilize Al dross efficiently were presented.High-quality aluminum-silicon alloys and brown fused alumina(BFA) were produced successfully by recycling Al dross.Then,life cycle assessment(LCA) was performed to evaluate environmental impact of two methods of Al dross recycling process.The results show that the two methods are reasonable and the average recovery rate of Al dross is up to 98%.As the LCA results indicate,they have some advantages such as less natural resource consumption and pollutant emissions,which efficiently relieves the burden on the environment in electrolytic aluminum and secondary aluminum industry.

Development of Porous Spherical Cellulose Bead Production from Corn Cob as an Exfoliating Agent for Cosmetic Industries

The aim of this research was to develop the porous spherical cellulose production from corn cob as an exfoliating agent for cosmetic industries. In process development of the porous spherical cellulose production from corn cob, it was found that alkaline extraction with 10% sodiumhydroxide gave 85.86% purity of cellulose and the crystallinity index of the pulp of 76.08%. Then, the obtained pulp was extracted with acid sodium chlorite. It was found that the acid sodium chlorite extraction increased the cellulose from 85.86% to 91.86%. The obtained pulp was hydrolyse dwithdilute hydrochloric solution. The result shows that the crystallinity increased from 71.13% to 86.31% with smaller crystallite size compared to that obtained acid sodium chlorite extraction. The hydrolysis pulp was used to prepare porous spherical cellulose which has homogeneous and rough surface. The porosity and pore volume of the porous spherical cellulose increased when the amount of calcium carbonate as porogen was increased. The porous spherical cellulose was prepared from the optimized conditions and the physical and chemical properties were analysed and compared with standard commercial beads （Sephadex G-25）. It was found that the porous spherical cellulose had particle size and pH value similar to the standard value. Hazardous substances such as arsenic, lead and mercury were not found in the obtained porous spherical cellulose. The consumers test shows that 87~/＇0 of consumers accepted the product and the overall complacency was great.

东晋玉佩组研究

安徽省文物与考古研究所科学发掘了一座东晋早中期墓葬,出土有精美的玉器和滑石器,伴出有青瓷器。玉器有凤首玉带钩、玉璜、玉珩、青玉猪、滑石猪和包镶金叶的玉珠,玉器制作精致,采用圆雕、阴刻等技法,代表了当时最先进的制玉水平。这批玉器的出土难能可贵,它为研究东晋葬玉制度、玉器制作工艺、玉器风格和中国古代玉文化史提供了难得的文物资料。

玉里说“鱼”事——商代玉鱼探析

我国先民对鱼情有独钟,铜镜上有鱼纹,瓷器上有宋代双鱼洗,砚台也常见鱼形砚,传说、故事、戏剧也不乏鱼的题材,鱼成为中国传统文化中一个永不衰竭的主题。玉鱼最早出现于新石器时代,在红山文化和良渚文化中零星可见,随着商代制玉工艺的不断进步,玉鱼在商代数量增多。