深耕结合秸秆还田提高作物产量并改善耕层薄化土壤理化性质

【目的】小麦–玉米轮作区土壤耕层变薄,直接深耕往往导致土壤肥力降低。在存在该类问题的土壤上,研究不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤理化性质的影响,以期实现在增加耕层厚度的同时维持作物产量,并提升土壤肥力。【方法】试验于2012-2016年在华北平原南部濉溪县进行,供试土壤为砂姜黑土。在人工剥离5 cm土层的耕层薄化土壤上开展试验,设旋耕(RT)、深耕(DT)、旋耕+秸秆还田(RTS)、深耕+秸秆还田(DTS)4个处理。在每年玉米和小麦成熟期进行田间测产;在第4季小麦收获后采集0-10和10-20cm土层土样,分析土壤有机碳各组分和土壤养分含量、土壤团聚体分布。【结果】与旋耕(RT)相比,单纯深耕(DT)不能明显提高玉米和小麦产量,显著降低土壤总有机碳含量、0-10 cm土层有机碳各组分含量和土壤速效钾含量,并显著降低10-20 cm土层胡敏酸与富里酸比值及各土层粒径>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的比例。深耕配合秸秆还田(DTS)处理玉米和小麦4季平均分别增产7.72%和8.06%,旋耕配合秸秆还田(RTS)处理分别增产7.55%和7.05%。在0-10 cm土层,DTS和RTS处理均明显提升土壤胡敏酸与富里酸比值,提高总有机碳及多数组分碳含量、提高土壤养分含量,RTS处理效果好于DTS处理;而在10-20 cm土层,DTS处理显著提高土壤胡敏酸、全氮和有效磷含量,效果好于RTS处理。DTS和RTS处理均可以显著提高粒径>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的比例,在0-10 cm土层,以DTS处理效果最高,比RT处理增加23.09%,而在10-20cm土层,以RTS处理效果最好,相比RT处理增加6.32%。【结论】在耕层薄化处理的土壤上,单纯深耕提升作物产量的效果不显著,也不利于土壤有机碳及各组分含量、土壤养分含量的提升,还破坏了土壤团粒结构。秸秆还田配合深耕或者旋耕均能显著提高作物产量,秸秆还田配合旋耕能有效培肥0-10 cm土层土壤,但对10-20 cm土层土壤肥力改善效果有限;秸秆还田配合深耕在增加耕层厚度的同时,还改善了土壤养分状况,明显减弱了单纯深耕对10-20 cm土层土壤结构稳定性的不利影响。

耕层增减对作物产量、养分吸收和土壤养分状况的影响

试验于2012—2015年在淮北平原中部的濉溪县展开,设原始耕层(TS)、在原始耕层厚度上人工削减5 cm(TS-5)和在原始耕层厚度上人工增加5 cm(TS+5) 3个处理。在玉米和小麦成熟期采样分析和田间测产,在3季小麦收获后分别采集0~20 cm土层土样进行分析,明确耕层厚度变化对玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量、养分积累的影响和土壤养分含量的变化规律。结果表明,耕层减少5 cm处理明显降低玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量和N、P2O5、K2O积累量,与原始耕层处理相比,分别下降了5.61%和8.31%、5.65%、18.38%;耕层增加5cm后作物产量和各养分积累量均未出现显著变化。第1个轮作周期结束时,耕层减少5cm处理的土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量明显低于原始耕层处理;而经过3个轮作周期,土壤有机质含量仍处于较低水平,全氮和速效钾含量逐渐回升,与原始耕层对应指标已无显著差异。耕层增加5cm处理明显提高了土壤有机质和各养分含量,并在3个轮作周期后仍处于较高水平。综上,耕层厚度减少5 cm会降低玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量、各养分积累量和土壤有机质含量,并在短期内难以恢复;增加5 cm耕层虽然能改善土壤养分状况,但对作物产量和养分积累量的提高没有明显效果。

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Systems and Cultivation Methods on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.

Effects of Continuous Nitrogen Application on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System

[Objective] This study aimed to achieve high yield and stable yield of win- ter wheat-summer maize rotation system and provide basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. [Method] Effects of continuous nitrogen application on grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, and soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system were investigated. [Re- sult] Nitrogen application could significantly increase the y（eld of the winter wheat- summer maize rotation system, which increased by 17.76%-30.32% and 22.24%- 46.63% in two rotation cycles, respectively. The yield of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was the maximum in two rotation cycles with nitrogen appli- cation amount of 660.0 kg/hm2, which reached respectively 23 391.19 and 23 444.35 kg/hm2, the yield and economic benefit were the highest, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was 22.2% and 30.7%, the agronomic efficiency was 8.3 and 11.3 kg/kg. However, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency between ni- trogen application amount of 540.0 and 660.0 kg/hm2 showed no significant differ- ence. After two rotation cycles, inorganic nitrogen accumulation in 0-40 cm soil with nitrogen application amount of 540.0 kg/hm2 was almost equal to that before experi- ment. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, comprehensively considering the grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and soil inorganic nitro- gen balance, the optimal nitrogen application amount was 625.3-660.0 kg/hm2 in high-yield winter wheat-summer maize rotation system.

Effect of Different Fertilization Practices on Yield of a Wheat-Maize Rotation and Soil Fertility

A 15-year field experiment was carried out in Henan Province, China, to study the effects of different fertilization practices on yield of a wheat-maize rotation. Fertilizers tested contained N alone (N), N plus P (NP) or plus P and K (NPK), all with or without manure (M). Different long-term fertilization practices affected the yields under the rotation system of wheat and maize differently and the effects on yields was in a general trend of MNPK＞MNP＞MN＞NPK＞NP＞M＞N＞the control. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to the highest yield was 37.9%, and the rest 62.1% came from fertilizer applications. The yield effects of the chemical fertilizers were in the order of N＞P＞K and were increased by application of manure.Balanced fertilization with multielement chemical fertilizers and manure can be effective in maintaining growth in agricultural production. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure also increased the content of soil organic matter.

Fertilization for High Yields in Corn-Sweet Potato-Wheat Rotation: A Systematic Approach to Nutrient Limiting Factors of Soils in Chongqing, China

A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.

Emergy assessment of three home courtyard agriculture production systems in Tibet Autonomous Region, China

Home courtyard agriculture is an important model of agricultural production on the Tibetan plateau. Be- cause of the sensitive and fragile plateau environment, it needs to have optimal performance characteristics, including high sustainability, low environmental pressure, and high economic benefit. Emergy analysis is a promising tool for evaluation of the environmental-economic performance of these production systems. In this study, emergy analysis was used to evaluate three courtyard agricultural production models： Raising Geese in Corn Fields （RGICF）, Con- ventional Corn Planting （CCP）, and Pea-Wheat Rotation （PWR）. The results showed that the RGICF model produced greater economic benefits, and had higher sustainability, lower environmental pressure, and higher product safety than the CCP and PWR models. The emergy yield ratio （EYR） and emergy self-support ratio （ESR） of RGICF were 0.66 and 0.11, respectively, lower than those of the CCP production model, and 0.99 and 0.08, respectively, lower than those of the PWR production model. The impact of RGICF （1.45） on the environment was lower than that of CCP （2.26） and PWR （2.46）. The emergy sustainable indices （ESIs） of RGICF were 1.07 and 1.02 times higher than those of CCP and PWR, respectively. With regard to the emergy index of product safety （EIPS）, RGICF had a higher safety index than those of CCP and PWR. Overall, our results suggest that the RGICF model is advantageous and provides higher environmental benefits than the CCP and PWR systems.

Sorption and Leaching Potential of Isoproturon and Atrazine in Low Organic Carbon Soil of Pakistan Under a Wheat-Maize Rotation

Pesticide leaching is a great threat in low organic carbon soils when subjected to improper irrigation scheduling.Limited data are available on the sorption and leaching potential of pesticides in agricultural soils of Pakistan with low soil organic carbon(SOC).Lysimeter and field studies were conducted with and without manure application at two irrigation levels in a wheat-fallowmaize rotation in Faisalabad,Punjab,Pakistan.Isoproturon was applied to wheat 55 d after sowing at 1 kg active ingredient(a.i.)ha^(-1),while atrazine was sprayed on maize 30 d after sowing at 0.774 kg a.i.ha^(-1).Soil was sampled from three depths(0-35,35-70,and 70-110 cm) for the field study and four depths(0-35,35-70,70-115,and 115-160 cm) for the lysimeter study,280 and 65 d after application of isoproturon and atrazine,respectively.The soil-water partition coefficients(K_d) of isoproturon and atrazine ranged from 0.3 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 1.5 L kg^(-1),respectively,and increased linearly with increase in SOC contents.The organic carbon-normalized soil-water partition coefficient(K_(oc)) of isoproturon and atrazine averaged 246.1 and 184.9 L kg^(-1),respectively,being higher with low spiking concentration.Isoproturon residues measured 280 d after application ranged from 2.1% to 3.6% of the applied mass in the lysimeter study and from 1.5% to 3.1% under field conditions.Atrazine residues 65 d after application ranged from only 0.62% to 0.78% and from 0.88% to 0.82% in the lysimeter and field studies,respectively.The lowest levels of residues for both pesticides were observed with frequent irrigation applied to manure-amended soil.A pesticide leaching risk screening tool,the ground water ubiquity score(GUS),indicated that in the absence of manure under both irrigation levels,isoproturon has a leaching potential(GUS = 2.8),while with the application of manure it has a very low leaching risk.Atrazine GUS ranged from 1.7 to 1.9,indicating a very low risk of leaching.