西北半干旱区玉米马铃薯轮作一膜两年用栽培技术

从播前准备、播种技术、田间管理、适时收获、收获后地膜保护等方面总结出了西北半干旱区玉米马铃薯轮作一膜两年用高产高效栽培技术。

Fertilization for High Yields in Corn-Sweet Potato-Wheat Rotation: A Systematic Approach to Nutrient Limiting Factors of Soils in Chongqing, China

A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.

耕作措施对宁南山区缓坡地土壤团聚体及作物产量的影响

为探讨不同耕作措施对宁南山区缓坡耕地轮作体系土壤团聚体特征及作物产量的影响,在2015—2016年期间,开展了玉米-马铃薯轮作条件下传统平作(CK)、垄沟不覆膜(NH)、垄沟半覆膜(HP)和垄沟全覆膜(WP)4种不同耕作措施试验研究。结果表明:不同耕作措施对表层0~20 cm土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体影响均较为显著,对20~40 cm土层影响不显著;CK、WP和HP处理下0~20 cm土层范围内均为>5 mm和2~5 mm土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量高,而NH处理下为1~2 mm和0.5~1 mm土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量高,分别为16.25%、13.38%。CK处理下>5 mm土壤机械稳定性团聚体占比为30.99%,显著高于其他三种耕作方式,而NH处理下1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm和0.25~0.5 mm的土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量显著高于其他三种耕作方式。水稳性团聚体则表现为各处理>5 mm所占比例急剧下降。CK处理下显著低于其他处理,含量为1.96%。土壤机械稳定性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)在NH、HP和WP处理下表层0~20 cm和底层20~40 cm显著低于CK,土壤水稳性团聚体MWD和稳定率均高于CK。不同耕作措施表层0~20 cm土壤机械稳定性团聚体分形维数低于水稳性团聚体分形维数,由低到高的顺序均为:CK<HP<WP<NH,分别为2.65,2.66,2.67,2.69和2.80,2.85,2.86,2.87。团聚体分形维数与水稳性团聚体MWD和稳定率具有一致性。相对于CK,NH、HP和WP分别增加产量10.5%、13.3%和39.2%。由此可知,农田耕作措施通过改变地表微环境能够影响土壤团聚结构的组成及其稳定性。同时,NH在改善土壤水稳性团聚体方面占优,但其增产作用并不突出,这种不同步性表明良好的土壤团聚体构建是长期持续的过程。