A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet po...A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.展开更多
Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or l...Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.展开更多
Fusarium species commonly occur in maize are fungal pathogen which produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, trichothecene and zearalenone. In this study, Fusarium species were isolated from maize kernel from Tretep, mai...Fusarium species commonly occur in maize are fungal pathogen which produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, trichothecene and zearalenone. In this study, Fusarium species were isolated from maize kernel from Tretep, maize producer region and were identified based on microscopic- and macroscopic characters as well as molecular characters using PCR assays and the partial sequence of TEF 1-α gene （Translation Elongation Factor 1-α. The fumonisin-producing ability of these Fusarium was determined by growing them in corn medium and analyzed their fumonisin by ELISA （enzyme-linked immuno assay）. Among 9 isolates, three of them were identified as Fusarium verticillioides, two as Fusarium temperatum, two as Fusarium globosum, one as Fusarium proliJeratum and one as Fusarium subglutinans. Fusarium temperatum is similar morphologically to F. subglutinans, however, both of their differences can be found by molecular analysis. Fumonisin-producing abilities of Fusarium were determined in concentrations 20.51 pg/g-1,109.74 pg/g medium with the highest producer was identified as F. globosum.展开更多
The disadvantages of the long term application of Tilemsi natural phosphate （TNP） on maize （Zea mays L.） production has come out because of its low P availability. Some functional soil microbes, such as phosphate ...The disadvantages of the long term application of Tilemsi natural phosphate （TNP） on maize （Zea mays L.） production has come out because of its low P availability. Some functional soil microbes, such as phosphate dissolving bacteria, have great potential in improvement of P solubility from TNP and P uptake by plants. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize typical phosphate dissolving bacterial strains （Bacillus subtilis） from Malian soils, and investigate their role in P uptake by maize grown in soils amended with TNP. The experimental design was a split plot with three main plots of fertilizers sources, i.e., natural phosphate, commercial fertilizer and without fertilizer, and with seven sub-plots of six microorganisms plus the control. The field experiment results have shown that the maize inoculated with the phosphate dissolving bacteria was improved in seed germination, plant growth, plant production （increase yield by 42%）, grain and aerial dry biomass （P） content of 34% and 64%, respectively. They have also shown that the locally available TNP can be used by the Malians farmers in maize culture and have comparable production to the one obtained with the costly imported commercial phosphate fertilizer, like the complex cereal. The project has provided information for the combined use of the Mali TNP and phosphate dissolving bacteria Bacillus subtilis subsp, subtilis （T）： DSM 10 in improvement of maize production in the country.展开更多
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohyd...A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates （dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively）, all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone （initial shell length： 29.98mm±0.09mm; initial weight. 3.42g±0.02g） for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly （P〈0.05） higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly （P〈0.05） higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20：4n-6 in the foot mus- cles were significantly （P〈0.05） lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20：4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly （P〈0.05） lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22：6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly （P 〈 0.05） lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and beat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.展开更多
文摘A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.
基金funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),New Delhi
文摘Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.
文摘Fusarium species commonly occur in maize are fungal pathogen which produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, trichothecene and zearalenone. In this study, Fusarium species were isolated from maize kernel from Tretep, maize producer region and were identified based on microscopic- and macroscopic characters as well as molecular characters using PCR assays and the partial sequence of TEF 1-α gene （Translation Elongation Factor 1-α. The fumonisin-producing ability of these Fusarium was determined by growing them in corn medium and analyzed their fumonisin by ELISA （enzyme-linked immuno assay）. Among 9 isolates, three of them were identified as Fusarium verticillioides, two as Fusarium temperatum, two as Fusarium globosum, one as Fusarium proliJeratum and one as Fusarium subglutinans. Fusarium temperatum is similar morphologically to F. subglutinans, however, both of their differences can be found by molecular analysis. Fumonisin-producing abilities of Fusarium were determined in concentrations 20.51 pg/g-1,109.74 pg/g medium with the highest producer was identified as F. globosum.
文摘The disadvantages of the long term application of Tilemsi natural phosphate （TNP） on maize （Zea mays L.） production has come out because of its low P availability. Some functional soil microbes, such as phosphate dissolving bacteria, have great potential in improvement of P solubility from TNP and P uptake by plants. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize typical phosphate dissolving bacterial strains （Bacillus subtilis） from Malian soils, and investigate their role in P uptake by maize grown in soils amended with TNP. The experimental design was a split plot with three main plots of fertilizers sources, i.e., natural phosphate, commercial fertilizer and without fertilizer, and with seven sub-plots of six microorganisms plus the control. The field experiment results have shown that the maize inoculated with the phosphate dissolving bacteria was improved in seed germination, plant growth, plant production （increase yield by 42%）, grain and aerial dry biomass （P） content of 34% and 64%, respectively. They have also shown that the locally available TNP can be used by the Malians farmers in maize culture and have comparable production to the one obtained with the costly imported commercial phosphate fertilizer, like the complex cereal. The project has provided information for the combined use of the Mali TNP and phosphate dissolving bacteria Bacillus subtilis subsp, subtilis （T）： DSM 10 in improvement of maize production in the country.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC, grant No. 30671630)
文摘A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates （dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively）, all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone （initial shell length： 29.98mm±0.09mm; initial weight. 3.42g±0.02g） for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly （P〈0.05） higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly （P〈0.05） higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20：4n-6 in the foot mus- cles were significantly （P〈0.05） lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20：4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly （P〈0.05） lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22：6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly （P 〈 0.05） lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and beat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.
