The discussion of the conceptual system of the Chinese is, to a large extent, inseparable from Confucian thought, and its analysis should start from Confucius himself. He developed the idea of shiming （时命）, or the...The discussion of the conceptual system of the Chinese is, to a large extent, inseparable from Confucian thought, and its analysis should start from Confucius himself. He developed the idea of shiming （时命）, or the mandate of the times, after the idea of deming （德命）, or the mandate of virtue, encountered repeated setbacks. Shiming challenged the idea that ＂Heaven is aligned with the virtuous,＂ and coping with this challenge required an ultimate worldview of a more original nature. Confucius formed his ultimate world view of ＂benevolence＂ （ren ~） through the interaction between his internal and external psychological framework and his reflections and realizations. Gripped by this idea, he cultivated inward virtue and adhered to the Way while outwardly practicing benevolence, with the goal of becoming ＂a sage within and a king without.＂ The balancing of the interior and the exterior was the key to enjoying a rich and meaningful life.展开更多
文摘The discussion of the conceptual system of the Chinese is, to a large extent, inseparable from Confucian thought, and its analysis should start from Confucius himself. He developed the idea of shiming （时命）, or the mandate of the times, after the idea of deming （德命）, or the mandate of virtue, encountered repeated setbacks. Shiming challenged the idea that ＂Heaven is aligned with the virtuous,＂ and coping with this challenge required an ultimate worldview of a more original nature. Confucius formed his ultimate world view of ＂benevolence＂ （ren ~） through the interaction between his internal and external psychological framework and his reflections and realizations. Gripped by this idea, he cultivated inward virtue and adhered to the Way while outwardly practicing benevolence, with the goal of becoming ＂a sage within and a king without.＂ The balancing of the interior and the exterior was the key to enjoying a rich and meaningful life.
