节点地震勘探技术发展的系统性思考

节点地震数据采集是地震勘探技术的一次重大变革。节点地震仪因具有多项优势特性得到了广泛应用。节点地震勘探技术显著提高了地震勘探对山地等复杂地表条件的适应性和灵活性,降低了野外作业的劳动强度和用工量,提高了地震勘探生产效率,同时,提升了野外作业的HSE性能,但节点地震勘探仍面临一系列挑战。节点地震勘探技术发展不仅是地震勘探仪器的变革,同时,也是地震数据采集模式、数据处理模式和数据应用模式的变革。节点地震仪的未来发展趋势主要是节点地震仪性能的不断提高与优化,节点地震仪的系列化与多样化,多物理场融合观测节点系统,特殊环境节点地震仪以及相关配套装备的发展。节点地震仪使地震勘探数据采集模式从集中式变革为分布式,从而将促进地震勘探野外作业流程和施工管理模式的优化与变革。节点分布式地震数据采集模式的变革,正在向长时间连续观测、主动源与被动源融合采集、密集采集与稀疏采集共存、实时监控与实时回传、节点布设与回收自动化辅助等方向发展。节点地震数据处理模式的变革将向自动化处理流程和智能化分析等方向发展,需要有相应的主动源与被动源地震数据处理、非规则观测系统地震数据处理功能的支持,增量式数据处理功能和处理流程的创新将建立全新的增量式地震数据处理模式,在某些应用场景下这种增量式地震数据处理可以按实时和自动化流程模式开展。节点地震数据应用模式的变革将向应用领域与应用场景多样化、地震数据采集处理解释软硬件系统一体化、被动源环境噪声信息深度应用、主动源与被动源信号融合应用等方向发展。建议加强研究形成节点地震仪器装备、采集技术、处理技术和应用技术的系统化体系,以应用场景为引导实现节点地震勘探技术与新一代信息通信技术的融合发展,形成节点地震仪和节点地震数据应用的开源架构和生态系统。

基于密集台阵资料的背景噪声研究青藏高原东南缘地震各向异性

新生代以来,青藏高原快速隆升、地壳缩短和东向挤出.受到稳定的扬子地块阻挡,青藏高原东南缘地壳发生强烈变形.地震各向异性研究有助于认识地壳内部精细结构及内部运动学过程.通过收集密集地震台阵的观测资料,利用环境噪声提取Rayleigh波频散曲线,采用多角度频散曲线反演方法,获得地壳和上地幔顶部高分辨率的地震S波速度和各向异性图像.青藏高原东南缘地区上地壳的地震快波方向与其相邻的走滑断裂带走向、GPS水平速度场方向基本一致,围绕喜马拉雅东部构造结顺时针旋转.然而,中、下地壳的各向异性与上地壳存在明显差异,例如,在木里盐源盆地和滇中地块等各向异性方向发生大幅度转向,从上地壳的NE方向转为中、下地壳的NW方向.中、下地壳的各向异性方向与其低速层的延伸方向吻合.在下地壳底部和上地幔顶部的范围内,地震快波方向再次发生改变,与上地壳的各向异性分布一致,可能说明在较早的历史时期上地壳与下地壳是耦合在一起的,在中新世时期低速黏滞性流体挤入青藏高原东南缘中下地壳,使原有的上地壳与中下地壳发生解耦.因此,新生代以来高原物质挤出可能导致青藏高原东南缘地壳发生强烈变形.

科学家研究船舶与鲸防撞系统

最近,加那利群岛拉斯帕尔马斯大学的米歇尔·安德烈研制出一种新的防止鲸与船舶相撞系统,特别是帮助在热点海区行驶的船舶避开鲸.这种防撞系统采用了一种被称为"环境噪声成像"的声纳技术,利用这种技术,即使鲸不声不响,也能确定它们所在的位置,从而让船舶避开它们.

Rayleigh Wave Tomography of Ningxia and Its Adjacent Areas Based on Ambient Noise

In this article,the vertical components of the continuous waveform data of 90 seismic stations in Ningxia and its adjacent regions recorded from January 2012 to December 2013 are used to obtain the Rayleigh surface wave group velocity dispersion images in the study area( 101°- 112°E,31°-42°N) according to the method of noise imaging,with period between 6s - 50s and resolution of 0.5°. The Yinchuan basin in the 6s - 26 s period obviously shows a low velocity anomaly,which is not uniform and has a tendency to gradually weaken; the Guanzhong Basin in 6 s-22s shows a strip of low velocity anomaly and demonstrates a transverse inhomogeneity,where velocity in the southeast is slightly faster than that in the northwest. In the 30s - 50s period it shows that in the Yinchuan graben basin and its southern area,there is a large low velocity anomaly area,which moves from northeast to southwest. It shows that between the main active tectonic zones,like mountains and basins,there are obvious geomorphologic boundaries. For example,the deep fault near Liupan Mountain is the dividing line between two large tectonic units of eastern and western of China. The inversion results have good correlation with the geological structure and the stratigraphic landform. The results are consistent with the results of artificial seismic section tomography across the basin. It provides an important basis for the dynamics of active tectonic zones and the mechanism of earthquake occurrence in this area.

Rayleigh Wave Group Velocity Maps of East Guangdong and Its Surrounding Regions from Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography

We perform Rayleigh wave tomography in east Guangdong and its surrounding regions by applying the ambient noise method to broadband data recorded at 26 stations from Guangdong,Fujian and Jiangxi Digital Seismic Networks.Cross-correlations of verticalcomponent ambient noise data are computed in one-day segments and stacked over seven months from March to September,2011.Then Rayleigh wave group dispersion curves are measured using the frequency-time analysis method.Group velocity maps at periods from5s to 15s are inverted.The resulting group velocity maps generally show good correlation with tectonic features,reflecting the velocity variations in the shallow crust.The basin areas are clearly resolved with lower group velocities at the short periods due to thick sedimentary layers,and the mountain areas with higher group velocities due to thin sedimentary layers.The variations of group velocity on the map can draw out the distribution of basins and mountains in study areas.The geothermal field can change the group velocity obviously,and lower group velocities are always found in high geothermal areas.The velocity maps indicate that a low-velocity layer may be found in the study areas.

Crustal S-velocity structure and radial anisotropy beneath the southern part of central and western North China Craton and the adjacent Qilian Orogenic Belt from ambient noise tomography

The crustal S-velocity structure and radial anisotropy along a dense linear portable seismic array with 64 broadband seismic stations were investigated from ambient noise tomography with about one-year-long ambient noise recordings. The array transverses the southern part of the central North China Craton(CNCC) and western NCC(WNCC) from east to west and reaches the adjacent Qilian Orogenic Belt(QOB). The phase velocity structures of Rayleigh waves at 5–35 s and Love waves at 5–30 s were measured. The crustal S-velocity structures(Vsv and Vsh) were constructed from the dispersion data(Rayleigh and Love waves,respectively) from point-wise linear inversion with prior information of the Moho depth and average crustal Vp/Vs ratio. The radial anisotropy along the profile was calculated based on the discrepancies between Vsv and Vsh as 2×(Vsh.Vsv)/(Vsh+Vsv). The results show distinct structural variations in the three major tectonic units. The crustal architecture in the southern CNCC is complicated and featured with wide-distributed low-velocity zones(LVZs), which may be a reflection of crustal modification resulting from Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonics and magmatic activities. The pronounced positive radial anisotropy in the lower-lowermost crust beneath the Shanxi-Shaanxi Rift and the neighboring areas could be attributed to the underplating of mantle mafic-ultramafic materials during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic activation. In southern Ordos, the overall weak lateral velocity variations, relative high velocity and large-scale positive radial anisotropy in mid-lower crust probably suggest that the current crustal structure has preserved its Precambrian tectonic characteristics. The low-velocity westward-dipping sedimentary strata in the Ordos Block could be attributed to the Phanerozoic whole-basin tilting and the uneven erosion since late Cretaceous. Integrated with previous studies, the systematic comparison of crustal architecture was made between the southern and northern part of CNCC-WNCC. The similarities and differences may have a relation with the tectonic events and deformation histories experienced before and after the Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the NCC. The nearly flat mid-crustal LVZ beneath the southern QOB weakens gradually as it extends to the east, which is a feature probably associated with crustal vertical superpositionand ductile shear deformation under the intensive compressional regime due to the northeastward growth and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau.