自然环境状况与社会人文科学发展取向

人以物在和人在的双重方式存在于自然中,自然环境既为人的文化存在提供创造的形态学蓝本,也为科学类型学构建铺平道路。以科学分类学视角观察,自然环境与社会人文科学构成深度存在上的内动关联:自然环境状况及其变化启动社会人文科学兴趣,打开社会人文科学研究视野,制约其研究领域、发展方向甚至影响研究方法的发现、选择、整合和革新。当代社会发展进程中,不断恶变的自然环境状况要求社会人文科学必须拓展认知视野、革新研究方法、探索科际整合发展的复合性道路。反之,社会人文科学亦应主动觉悟自然环境恶变状况、形成环境视野、明确环境取向,展开大科际整合的学科研究,这是社会人文科学新生的必需方式,也是其当代发展的必然道路。

湖泊也会生老病死

湖泊是大地的明珠,有着独特的魅力.范仲淹曾高歌:"巴陵胜状,在洞庭一湖";苏轼则低吟:"欲把西湖比西子,淡妆浓抹总相宜".然而,花无百日红,与世间一切事物一样,湖泊也有诞生、成长、衰老和死亡的过程.

Eco-transformation of steel industry in China: from the perspective of industrial ecology and circular economy

Recently the behavior of human has resulted in the deterioration of global ecological environment, and global warming and environmental pollution have caused the occurrence of extreme events frequently If we repeat the reckless environmental overkill, civilization will enter a victous circle of decline and lose even the strength and vitality to live in harmony with the environment. At Present, China is in a speciat period of rapid economic develop- ment. Some enterprises focus on short-term profits and don＇t formulate long-term strategies. For example, with the rapid expansion of the steel industry, some serious problems have emerged. Based on principles of industrial ecology and the concept of circular economy, to develop a new development model, taking a new road to industrialization is very necessary. Re-examining the current steel enterprises, this＇ paper proposes the new methods of the integration of material, energy integration, water system integration and sharing of information and facilities. Through ecologi- calization of technology, system, and industrial structure and product structure adjustment, the eco-transformation of the modern steel industry will be gradually achieved in China

Ambient noise during rough weather and cyclones in the shallow Bay of Bengal

This paper presents ambient noise analysis during rough weather, using time series measurements from an automated noise measurement system in the shallow southwest Bay of Bengal during October–November 2010. The period witnessed low-pressure events including depressions and cyclones, with JAL cyclone passing close to the measurement site. The time series noise level shows a shift in mid-October, after which deep depressions and cyclones formed, with an average increase of 5–10 dB in the lower band and 2–3 dB in the higher band of frequencies. Furthermore, correlation between noise level and wave height(data from wave rider buoy deployed at the site) for sea state scale 3 and above shows good correlation with an increase in noise level with increase in wave height, the effect being most pronounced at 0.5 kHz. The noise captured during JAL was analysed to identify the spectrum components due to convective precipitation and heavy wind/wave activity and shows anomalously high levels during the crossing of the cyclone. Rain noise spectra from the rain bands associated with the wall of the cyclone are reported. This has been correlated with radar refl ectivity measurements to ascertain the presence of rain, and discriminate between convective and stratiform types. Also, vertical directionality pattern of ambient noise during JAL showed clearly distinct surface contributions. On the whole, knowledge of ambient noise fields during high sea states and precipitation is useful in optimizing SONAR performance. The findings at the study site have been compared with measurements from other shallow water locations during rough weather.

Analysis on China＇s Economic Transformation and Its Relevance to Global Economy

China＇s current economic transformation has its historical reasons and its urgent need of change. With over 30 years of reform and opening-up, China＇s economy experienced high-speed growth for a sustained period, but China is still confronted with many obstacles which call for immediate attention, such as shortage of resources, deterioration of the environment, structural imbalance, and intensified social conflict. If these problems persist, an ominous future would not be avoided unless an economic transformation was in effect. As China＇s economic power and international influence increase, its economic transformation will significantly impact not only its domestic economy, but also the world economy. This article analyzes the transformation of China＇s economy from an international perspective, particularly focuses on the relationship between China＇s transformation and the economies of most developed countries （e.g., United States and EU） by comparing data and analyzing impacts caused by each other. At the end, the article will provide some suggestions for further research.

China＇s Urbanization Drive and Its Consequences： The Jimo Case

One million Chinese villages have disappeared in the three decades since the beginning of China＇s rural reform, one third of the total. As a result of this urbanization, China can no longer produce enough grain for itself. In 2012, China imported 80 million tons of grain, which is about 12% of its total grain need. Now the new Chinese Government inaugurated in 2013 has stepped up its push for more urbanization. Many more rural villages throughout China have been dismantled or will be dismantled at a crazy pace. China＇s environmental degradation will surely further deteriorate. This paper is a case study about urbanization and its social, economic, and environmental consequences in China.

Cairo＇s Slums： A Ticking Time Bomb

Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.

Natural Barriers to Eco-environmental Vulnerability in a Complex Ecosystem

Natural features such as mountain ranges, steep slopes and vegetation prevent human movement from one habitat to another. They prevent the ecological harm from natural phenomenon like erosion and landslide. Forests destruction has brought about deterioration of ecological environment such as increasing soil and water losses. RS （Remote Sensing） and GIS （Geographic Information System） technology have enhanced the eco-environment assessment procedure using eco-environment quality index tool. This paper presents results of the research on the investigation of the potentials of different landscapes on the complex ecosystem of Makeng Village in Fuj Jan Province to act as natural barrier to eco-environmental vulnerability. Vulnerability factors analysed were soil erosion, vegetation cover, land use types, slope and elevation. To see how one factor acts as natural barrier eco-environment stressors, factor maps were overlaid in pairs using ArcGIS 9.2 software and the matrix statistics exported for analysis in Microsoft Excel. The results showed steep slopes naturally limit human activities, growth of big trees and increase soil erosion. Flat and gentle slopes are less vulnerable to erosion. Elevation is among natural barriers to human activities. Human activities decrease with increasing elevation, hence making the eco-environment naturally stable/undisturbed. In this study, eco-vulnerability to erosion decreases with increasing vegetation cover.

Urbanization and Flood Risk： Implication for Coping in Coastal Zones of Nigeria

This study looked at rapid urbanization and the flood risk it portends with a view to identifying mechanisms for coping in coastal zones of Nigeria. Flooding is one of the various ecological problems that has taken its toll on the quality of the environment, human health, and economic growth in parts of Africa and the coastal zones of Nigeria in particular. Rapid urbanization has been seen to result in changes in land use patterns which can adversely affect the hydrological processes in a catchment leading to a deteriorating water environment. warning systems are identified and discussed in the paper Structural and non-structural approach as well as flood early as flood risks coping mechanisms, It also discusses the policy implications that government through its relevant agencies must be up to its game by monitoring precursors, forecasting of probable floods and notification of alerts, It concludes and recommends that an active involvement of communities at risks is required and public education and awareness of risks should be facilitated through effective dissemination, as well as ensuring that there is a constant preparedness,

Development of the eco-community planning studies under the concept of low-carbon

Universality of low-carbon eco- city planning measures, Government regulation, as an important planning means to guide urban development urban; it is an allocation mechanism for land and space resource. Low-carbon eco- city planning is especially important for China as it is in a state of rapid economic growth, urbanization acceleration, carbon emissions increase, ecological environment deterioration and intensifying economic transformation. During the process of low-carbon eco-city planning, we must consider the whole range of temporal and spatial distribution of the city and grasp the overall coordination system of time and space. We should regard it as a system of the entire biosphere and regulate urban according to true features of ecosystems, that is in a basically a three-dimensional, integrative compound patterns. We need consider the natural ecological system factors, technological physics factors, economic assets factors, social and cultural factors as well as various humanitarian factors among the urban system structure; consider the impact of the internal and external urban environmental systems; make them interact and influence each other and restrict each other through the planning of the urban system material flow, energy flow, information flow and capital flow; insists the evaluation basic of the healthy development of urbanization and the of exercise macro -control on the dynamic representation＂ of the city development, the ＂qualityrepresentatiou＂ ofthecity＇ s connotation and the air representation＂ of the city state in order to overcome the ＂ urban disease ＂ by development, to reduce the ＂ urban disease ＂ by planning, to treat the ＂ urban disease ＂ by management. Only by bringing the design and control into the scope of long-term planning and governing can we effectively monitor and guide the development and construction of low-carbon eco- towns.

Design and Performance of a Controlled Environment Mini-chamber for Measuring Produce Quality Deterioration

To minimize losses between harvest and retail display, a system is needed to track temperature and RH exposure of fresh produce and predict its quality at each step of the distribution chain. With accurate models, such system could （1） identify problematic situations before losses occur; （2） become a management tool for decision makers; and （3） help quantify the real impact of individual inappropriate conditions. A project was initiated to develop models required for such a decision system. Because the data required to develop models were not available for most fruit and vegetables, a series of storage trials was planned for measuring changes in physiological and microbial quality, and development of physiological disorders and/or diseases, as a function of time, temperature and RH. To meet this objective, controlled environment mini-chambers were designed, built and instrumented for measuring the effect of traceable environmental conditions encountered during storage and transportation of fresh horticultural produce of similar size and shape as tomato. Detailed design and performance evaluation of these mini-chambers are presented.

Modulation of B-cell receptor and microenvironment signaling by a guanine exchange factor in B-cell malignancies

Objective： Chronic lymphocytic leukemia （CLL） and mantle cell lymphoma （MCL） cells over-express a guanine exchange factor （GEF）, Rasgrf-1. This GEF increases active Ras as it catalyzes the removal of GDP from Ras so that GTP can bind and activate Ras. This study aims to study the mechanism of action of Rasgrf-1 in B-cell malignancies. Methods： N-terminus truncated Rasgrf-1 variants have a higher GEF activity as compared to the full-length transcript therefore a MCL cell line with stable over-expression of truncated Rasgrf-1 was established. The B-cell receptor （BCR） and chemokine signaling pathways were compared in the Rasgrf-I over-expressing and a control transfected cell line. Results： Cells over-expressing truncated form of Rasgrf-1 have a higher proliferative rate as compared to control transfected cells. BCR was activated by lower concentrations of anti-IgM antibody in Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells as compared to control cells indicating that these cells are more sensitive to BCR signaling. BCR signaling also phosphorylates Rasgrf-1 that further increases its GEF function and amplifies BCR signaling. This activation of Rasgrf-1 in over-expressing cells resulted in a higher expression of phospho-ERK, AKT, BTK and PKC-alpha as compared to control cells. Besides BCR, Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells were also more sensitive to microenvironment stimuli as determined by resistance to apoptosis, chemotaxis and ERK pathway activation. Conclusions： This GEF protein sensitizes B-cells to BCR and chemokine mediated signaling and also upregulates a number of other signaling pathways which promotes growth and survival of these cells.

迈向解放的“人类世”——气候变化与你的选择

我们正生活在由人类自身引发的气候变化的巨大梦魇中。美国西北部的温带雨林着了大火,由此人们得到了全球最高气温的新纪录,以及北太平洋有史以来最高水温纪录。应对极地冰冠和冰川的衰退融化成为当务之急,物种灭绝率迅速攀升,动物频发古怪行为。

Improving Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Simultaneously for Maize and Wheat in China： A Review

Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.

Human Response to Degradation of Ecosystems

Our ecosystem provides us with essential services, most of which come without a price tag and hence are assumed to be ＂free gifts of nature＂ available in plenty. Much of the neoclassical thought and analysis was based on this assumption until recently. The dynamic rise in population due to rapid industrialisation and urbanization has caused the realisation that ecosystem services are also limited. Environmental degradation is a common term used to describe the loss or impairment of ecosystem services. Migration is often a consequence of environ- mental degradation; when ecosystem services are impaired and survival comes at stake. But is the degradation of essential ecosystem services sufficient to motivate people to relocate？ Through a review of literature on migration and environmental degradation, this paper strives to answer the above question along with exploring ways how monitoring the deterioration of the environment on time can spare human inhabitants of any ecosystem the pains of migration in search of better means of survival and sustenance.

Design and fabrication of an surface acoustic wave resonator based on AlN/4H-SiC material for harsh environments

Surface acoustic wave （SAW） sensors and micro-electromechanical system （MEMS） technology provide a promising solution for measurement in harsh environments such as gas turbines. In this paper, a SAW resonator （size： 1107μm× 721 μm） based on the AlN/4H-SiC multilayer structure is designed and simulated. A MEMS-compatible fabrication process is employed to fabricate the resonator. The results show that highly c-axis-oriented AlN thin films deposited on the 4H-SiC substrate are obtained, with that the diffraction peak of AlN is 36.10° and the lowest full width at half maximum （FWHM） value is only 1.19°. The test results of the network analyzer are consistent with the simulation curve, which is very encouraging and indicates that our work is a significant attempt to solve the measurement problems mainly including high temperature stability of sensitive structures and the heat transmission of leads in harsh environments. It is essential to get the best performance of SAW resonator, optimize and characterize the behaviors in high temperatures in future research.

Global Environmental Justice and Per Capita-Based Assessment

This study compares the country--based approach with the per capita- based approach in assessing environmental degradation and performance. After analyzing several global environmental datasets, this study shows that country--based assessments tend to shift responsibilities（ or blame） disproportionately to developing countries with large populations. From the perspective of global environmental justice, no individual human being should be subject to more environmental hazards or be borne more responsibilities for causing environmental degradation on the basis of race, ethmcity, or geographic location. In order to facilitate more meaningful dialogues on the causes and effects of environmental degTadation and to strive for fair sharing of responsibilities in dealing with global environmental challenges, this study suggests that whenever and wherever possible, a per capita-based approach should be included along with the country-based approach in any environmental assessment.

High-strength super-hydrophobic double-layered PBO nanofiberpolytetrafluoroethylene nanocomposite paper for high-performance wave-transparent applications

Poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)nanofiber(PNF)paper is facing unprecedented challenges in enhancing the interaction between the PNFs and improving its hydrophobicity.In this work,a sol–gel film transformation approach was developed to fabricate high-strength PNF paper.Iron ions formed coordination bonds between PNFs to obtain a preforming three-dimensional,interconnective nanofiber network.Subsequently,polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)particles were sprayed onto the surface of the paper,followed by thermal treatment to obtain double-layered PTFE-P/PNF nanocomposite paper.The nanocomposite paper presents incredible tensile strength(271.6 MPa,increased by 52.9%),folding endurance,super-hydrophobicity,and self-cleaning performances.Moreover,it exhibits low dielectric constant(2.06)and dielectric loss tangent(0.0133)values.According to the wave-transparent model for a doublelayered dielectric established by Maxwell’s equations,the wave-transparent coefficients of electromagnetic waves incident from both sides of the paper are 97.6%(PNF side)and 96.0%(PTFE/P(S-co-BCB-coMMA)side),respectively.The PTFE-P/PNF nanocomposite paper possesses great potential in the fields of wave-transparent applications.

The PCDD/PCDF Dioxin Releases in the Climate of Environment of Jordan in the Period (2000-2008)

Many environment problems of the full using of several categories of processing include mining,heat generators,direct combustion of forest fires,cement production,power plant,transport,medical waste.Dioxin/furan releases from these categories are one of these environment problems.Possible lines of reducing the PCDD/PCDF (Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins/Polychlorinated dibenzofurans) releases from these categories are elucidated.The contribution of this paper is present the identification and estimation of the latest figure of dioxin/furan releases in the climate of environment of Jordan in the period 2000-2008 from the following categories (cement,aluminum,ceramic,medical waste,power plant,land fill,ferrous and non-ferrous metals,uncontrolled combustion process (biomass burning,waste burning,accidental fires in house,transport).These finding shows the sign of growth of estimated PCDD/PCDF releases from categories which did not calculated and followed after 2003.The result shows the highest PCDD/PCDF release from landfill fires (62.75 g TEQ/year),medical waste (8.8264 g TEQ/year),and transport (3.0145 g TEQ/year).Jordan seeks by next years,a reduction in total releases of dioxins and furans from sources resulting from human activity.This challenge will apply to the aggregate of releases to the air nationwide and of releases to the water within the Jordan area.Jordan should conduct air monitoring for dioxin in order to track fluctuations in atmospheric deposition levels.