Fertilizer Overuse in China:Empirical Evidence from Farmers in Four Provinces

[Objective] This paper aims to empirically analyze the situation of fertilizer overuse in China, considering that fertilizer, important for China＇s crop production, has brought serious environmental pollution to China due to over application. [Method] Based on field survey data in four provinces of China, the magnitude of fertilizer overuse at farm level was empirically analyzed with Cobb-Douglas Produc- tion Function Method and profit optimization theory in the research. [Result] The resuits show that by average, 110.5 kg of chemical fertilizer were applied per mu of land, and 46.9 kg fertilizer was overused, occupying 42.5%. [Conclusion] There is large potential to reduce the overused amount and it is of great importance to re- duce fertilizer overuse effectively, which needs further intensive study.

新农村本土教育资源在自然角创设中的运用

《幼儿园工作规程》中指出：要充分利用周围环境的有利条件,以积极运用感官为原则,创设与教育相适应的良好环境,为幼儿提供活动和表现能力的机会和条件。自然角是发展幼儿对周围物质世界的好奇心,激发他们探索周围物质世界和学科学的兴趣,培养幼儿关心、爱护自然和环境的积极态度。

Zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and mineral chemistry of Early Cretaceous granodiorite in the Lunggar iron deposit in central Lhasa, Tibet Y, China

The Lunggar iron deposit belongs to the Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt and is located in central Lhasa on the Tibetan Plateau.In the Lunggar deposit,iron mineralization formed in the skarnization contact zone between the Early Cretaceous granodiorite and the late Permian Xiala Formation limestone.In this study,we achieved detailed zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and mineral chemistry for the Early Cretaceous granodiorite.Zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that the Early Cretaceous granodiorite emplaced at ca.119 Ma.Based on the trace elements in zircons and the mineral chemical composition of amphibole and biotite,the Early Cretaceous granodiorite was believed to form under condition of high temperature(>700°C),low pressure(100400 MPa),and relatively high oxygen fugacity(lgfO2)(13.6 to 13.9)and H2O content(4%8%).Zircon trace elements,Hf isotope and biotite chemistry collectively reveal that significant juvenile mantle-derived magmas contributed to the source of the granodiorite.The relatively high logfO2 and shallow magma chamber are beneficial for skarn iron mineralization,implying remarkable potential for further prospecting in the Lunggar iron deposit.

Shrub Communities and Environmental Variables Responsible for Species Distribution Patterns in an Alpine Zone of the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China

Understanding the factors that drive variation in species distribution is a central theme of ecological research. Although several studies focused on alpine vegetation, few efforts have been made to identify the environmental factors that are responsible for the variations in species composition and richness of alpine shrublands using numerical methods. In the present study, we investigated vegetation and associated environmental variables from 45 sample plots in the middle Qilian Mountains of the northwestern China to classify different community types and to elucidate the species- environment relationships. We also estimated the relative contributions of topography and site conditions to spatial distribution patterns of the shrub communities using the variation partitioning. The results showed that four shrub community types were identified and striking differences in fioristic composition were found among them. Species composition greatly depended on elevation, slope, shrub cover, soil pH and organic carbon. The important determinants of species richness were soil bulk density and slope. No significant differences in species richness were detected among the community types. Topography and site conditions had almost equal effects on compositional variation. Nonetheless,a large amount of the variation in species composition remained unexplained.

Numerical simulation of wind flow fields around buildings using the lattice Boltzmann method

This paper presents the simulation results of the wind environment around a single high-rise building and that around two tall buildings in tandem arrangement by using the lattice Boltzmann method with an aim to understand the ventilation issues around high-rise buildings in an urban environment.We analyzed the velocity distribution around the buildings and performed numericl simulations to reveal the formation and evolution law of the complex vortex system around the high-rise buildings.Numerical simulation results manifest a periodicity phenamenon in the process of the vortex evolution.For the case of two high-rise buildings,wind velocity in the space between the two buildings is very small,which is nearly a silent regime.Wind velocity above the front building is relatively larger and the maximum wind velocity is approximately 2.5 times the incoming wind velocity.The numerical results can be used in layout planning of high-rise residential buildings to create better environment for ventilation purpose in an urban area.

The influence of environmental variables on distribution patterns of Irano-Turanian forests in Alborz Mountains, Iran

Topographic and edaphic variables are the main ecological factor determining species spatial variability on mountainous forests. A field study was performed in central Alborz to investigate how the edaphic and topographic parameters can affect the tree and shrub communities. Initially, 27 forest stands were identified and the homogeneous units were separated regarding physiognomy. In each single homogeneous unit, one random sample plot （1000 m^2） and totally 43 plots were established. In each plot, the presence and abundance of all trees and shrubs were recorded and four soil samples were taken from depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm. Concerning classification results, eight different forest communities were identified. The lowest and highest soil pH values were observed in Malus orientalis and pistacia-Amygdalus communities, respectively. The water saturation percent of pure- and mixed Juniperus excelsa and Rhus coriaria was the highest amongst communities. The clay content was the highest in pure J.excelsa. The 0-5 organic matter and Nitrogen content in mixed J. excelsa were significantly higher than pure J. excelsa and other communities. The CCA （Canonical Correspondence Analysis） altitude, precipitation, pH, results indicated that the EC, SP, clay and CaCO3 are the most important factors determine the distribution of trees and shrub in central Alborz.

Grid architecture model of network centric warfare

NCW(network centric warfare) is an information warfare concentrating on network. A global network-centric warfare architecture with OGSA grid technology is put forward,which is a four levels system including the user level, the application level, the grid middleware layer and the resource level. In grid middleware layer,based on virtual hosting environment, a BEPL4WS grid service composition method is introduced. In addition, the NCW grid service model is built with the help of Eclipse-SDK-3.0.1 and Bpws4j.

High Resolution Ship Hydrodynamics Simulations in Open Source Environment

The numerical simulation of wake and flee-surface flow around ships is a complex topic that involves multiple tasks： the generation of an optimal computational grid and the development of numerical algorithms capable to predict the flow field around a hull. In this paper, a numerical framework is developed aimed at high-resolution CFD simulations of turbulent, free-surface flows around ship hulls. The framework consists in the concatenation of ＂tools＂, partly available in the open-source finite volume library OpenFOAM. A novel, flexible mesh-generation algorithm is presented, capable of producing high-quality computational grids for free-surface ship hydrodynamics. The numerical frame work is used to solve some benchmark problems, providing results that are in excellent agreement with the experimental measures.

Standards of Economic Growth to Apply Creative Projects

This study theoretically showed the importance of standards economic growth to apply creative projects to avoid loss cost and efforts. There is problem of complexity environment to understand real economic growth. Companies and government can affect economic. There is a need to make standards to control steps of economic growth as result to accounting gaps, economic gaps, and financial analysis gaps. Standards must face negative affection of speculation, government involving in economic, developing tool. Evaluating must be built up to real market price and also standards must build trust to support developing. Searcher recommended linking economic growth with real growth of producing and ways to get real market price to evaluate company assets, liabilities, and net profit after tax for all users as factors show growth in company to growth economic units which are successful by applying creative projects.

Solution of pavement temperature field in“Environment-Surface”system through Green's function

In order to simplify the boundary conditions of pavement temperature field,the "Environment-Surface" system which considered the natural environment and pavement surface was established.Based on this system,the partial differential equations of the one-dimensional heat conduction in the pavement were established on the basis of the heat transfer theory.Furthermore,the function forms of the initial and boundary conditions of the equations were created through the field experiments.The general solution of the pavement one-dimensional heat conduction partial differential equations was acquired by using Green's function,and the explicit expression of pavement temperature field under specific constraint conditions was derived.For the purpose of analysis,the pavement temperatures in different seasons were calculated using the explicit expression of pavement temperature field,and the calculation accuracy was analyzed through the comparison between measured and calculated values.Then,the relationship between fitting accuracy and calculation accuracy of pavement temperatures was analyzed.The analysis results show that: the usage of "Environment-Surface" system simplifies the calculation of pavement temperature field; the relative error between calculated and measured values is generally less than 7% and is seldom influenced by seasons; there is a positive correlation between the calculation accuracy and the fitting accuracy of pavement surface temperature; high fitting accuracy would result in less error of pavement temperature prediction.

On the Plaintiff's Subject Qualification for Environmental Public Interest Litigation Instituted by People's Procuratorates

Although it is not the main duty for the People's Procuratorate to institute environmental public interest litigation proceedings, the existence of "reserve" prosecution right of plaintiff not only is beneficial to timely prevention and cure of environmental damage, but also contributes indispensable judicial supervision force to the environmental legality construction. In order to safeguard environmental public interests, many local prosecutorial organizations have practiced environmental public interests litigation. Since Chinese law has not made explicit stipulation on the function of the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation, the plaintiff's subject qualification for environmental public interest litigation instituted by the People's Procuratorate is still in question. In order to propel the People's Procuratorate to completely and fully exercise their power of supervision and prosecution, there shall be corresponding legislation that provides powerful guarantee for the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation.

北京园林学会规划设计专业委员会举办学术讲座和研讨会

2004年3月27日上午,由北京园林学会规划设计专业委员和局规划建设处在北京动物园科普馆举办学术讲座,共有学会会员和相关设计人员120 余人参加。会上首先由日本姬路大学景观设计研究所教授沈悦博士做了题目为《景观设计的传统性与创造性》的讲座,通过对中日两国设计项目的分析比较以及一些日本设计理念和手法的介绍,重点讲解了日本目前景观设计的发展和现代城市景观中如何体现传统风格的情况。接着由上海意格环境设计咨询公司总裁马晓伟主讲了题为《以景观设计为主线的开发思考模式浅析》的讲座,通过介绍景观设计与房地产、建筑设计及室内设计等相关行业的关系,详细阐述了景观设计本身的价值。

Responsibility for Life： A Descriptive View on Hans Jonas＇ Ethics

Among the few philosophers who dedicated philosophical reflection on the problem of technology, Hans Jonas would be the leading one. Still in a close affinity with Martin Heidegger, his teacher, Jonas argued that modem technology bore some annoying characters. In line of this anxiety, Jonas suggested the importance of protecting life as an integral part of the ethical project he intended to build. Departing from his basic notion that human life is never separated from other organic life, Jonas has opened a wider space for ethical responsibilities towards life of the whole cosmos. In what sense is his notion of the responsibility towards the whole life should be understood is one of the aim of this paper. Baring in mind that Jonas developed his concept on life and human responsibility towards it as an argumentation against the development of technology, the social context in which modem technology finds its root is worthed to be discussed. It is concluded that separating ethics from ontology as many theorists and philosophers did so far has strengthened the old notion of human autonomy with its defects, and by that, the destruction of life seemed to be accepted as a consequence of it.

Natural Stone in Jordan： Characteristics and Specifications and Its Importance in Interior Architecture

Architecture in Jordan characterized by using the most basic raw materials in the natural environment （such as stone, straw and mud etc.）. Jordanian designer interacts with natural materials and link these materials to the local environment and the climatic characteristics of the place. This research focuses on the basic material in construction in Jordan, a substance of natural stone, where the researchers studied the historical relationship between architecture in Jordan and natural stone material, and also studied the properties, specifications, types and methods of formation of this natural material. This research aims to shed light on the modern material of architecture in Jordan and how the architects deal with natural stone and other alternative materials where the architects became underestimate the use of natural stone material and use modern materials far from the architectural heritage and which are sometimes not compatible with the construction environment in Jordan. To conclude from this study the importance of maintaining the continuity of the historical relationship between natural stone and Jordanian architecture, where the study recommends to the possibility of development of use this material through using it in interior architecture to conserve on natural stone as a feedstock in the architecture of Jordan.

Incorporating the Built Environment Interactions into Spatial Pattern Models to Understand Urban Metabolism in Tokyo＇s Residential Area

In Tokyo, as residential areas exist in the urban areas and are composed of areas owned by individual land owners, basically spatial changes are brought by redevelopments of each sites conducted by individual circumstances and motivations. Continuous redevelopments and spatial changes can be found dispersedly in areas. Once the spatial change in a certain site occurred in an area as a building, it will be contained in the built environment of the residential area which is defined by residents, planners and designers who will take part in the following spatial changes. In Tokyo, public transportation facilities are well developed, and residents＇ daily life involves activities such as a slow walking and bicycle, etc. around the place of residence near the public transportation hubs, each living territories are formed in this kind of manner. Considering the maintenance of spatial value in residential areas while understanding transformation of visual local environment in residential areas which focuses on appearance of each spatial change in an area of street will be of significant importance. In this paper, the authors try to describe interactions of spatial changes in existing urban residential areas focusing on utility of players who might take part in the following spatial changes and the method of discrete choice model.

An Efficient Algorithm for Skyline Queries in Cloud Computing Environments

Skyline query processing has recently received a lot of attention in database and data mining communities. However, most existing algorithms consider how to efficiently process skyline queries from base tables. Obviously, when the data size and the number of skyline queries increase, the time cost of skyline queries will increase exponentially, which will seriously influence the query efficiency. Motivated by the above, in this paper, we consider improving the query efficiency via skyline views and propose a cost-based algorithm(abbr. CA) to efficiently select the optimal set of skyline views for storage. The CA algorithm mainly includes two phases:(i) reduce the skyline views selection to the minimum steiner tree problem and obtain the approximate optimal set AOS of skyline views, and(ii) adjust AOS and produce the final optimal set FOS of skyline views based on the simulated annealing. Moreover, in order to improve the extendibility of the CA algorithm, we implement it based on the map/reduce distributed computation model in cloud computing environments. The detailed theoretical analyses and extensive experiments demonstrate that the CA algorithm is both efficient and effective.

Environmental and Ethical Aspects of Sustainable Mining in Greenland

The increased use of scarce metals in combination with climate changes pave way for extensive extraction of mineral resources in Greenland. The focus of this study is on environmental ethical aspects of mining activities in a vulnerable and unspoiled arctic nature. Mining can have several economic and social benefits for Greenland. On the other hand, the environmental impacts from mining are well known. Through DPSIR （Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses） and Stakeholder analysis, we assess how future mining in Greenland can be sustainably implemented. The analysis revealed that numerous stakeholders have to be taken into consideration with a wide range of different interests. The DPSIR analysis clarified the availability of various potential political responses that could affect the drivers, pressures, states and impacts of mining mainly focused on implementation of effective environmental regulation strategies. Our findings revealed different environmental ethical dilemmas of which the most critical is how Greenland can open up for mining, gain economical revenue while averting destruction of unspoiled regions and aesthetic impairment. We recommend strict environmental legislation involving use of the ＂polluter pay principle＂, continuous monitoring of pollution and establishment of an industry-funded catastrophe trust fund. These initiatives can ensure economic benefits while environmental impacts remain negligible.

Architecture, Faith and Culture Antagonism or Harmony？

The relationship between architecture and faith has always been of great wealth. Faith as a way of life and social memory exercises a decisive influence on the shape of the construction environment. Yet this relationship is rarely analyzed. On a general level, one reason for this deficiency is probably due to the spread of the ideology of modernity. Given that modernity is implicitly secular, it does not prompt to understand faith in its relationship with other phenomena. It is the same for architecture. We believe on the contrary that the construction environment and the cultural aspect must interact and complement each other. When this is not true or only partially true, this results in user dissatisfaction, and refusal to engage and participate in the process of changing that environment. Many authors have tried to show explicitly the influence of Islamic thought on the social organization and the housing as well as the link between housing and identity, but its implications have not always been understood and transmitted concretely. One thing is certain： the ideological -symbolic-metaphoric sphere is the essence of architecture, as are the program requirements： functionality, distributivity, health of the environment and technology of construction. In this contribution we will address the thorny issue of cultural and religious influences on the choice of the morphology of the habitat and its components, and we will try to highlight the interaction between architecture, faith and culture through analysis of a Mediterranean type ＂House with Patio＂ as a particular architectural style, which has been enriched through the centuries by different cultures. Although the course of this typology in each of these cultures and at different times has not been the same, this has only strengthened the mission and spirit of the ＂Patio＂ until the appropriation of this model by the Arab-Muslim peoples who were able to incorporate the Islamic perception in this space.

探讨中药的保存方法

近年来,随着人们思想意识的不断提升,中医中药越来越被人们推崇。中药多为植物,部分中药为矿物质和动物,因此中药储存是个非常复杂、精细的工作。中药房管理人员要根据中药的性质对其进行合理的储存,保证中药的质量。

A Decision Support System for Energy Trading and Portfolio Optimization

In the new competitive environment of the electricity market, risk analysis is a powerful tool to guide investors under both contract uncertainties and energy prices of the spot market. Moreover, simulation of spot price scenarios and evaluation of energy contracts performance, are also necessary to the decision maker, and in particular to the trader to foresee opportunities and possible threats in the trading activity. In this context, computational systems that allow what-if analysis, involving simulation of spot price, contract portfolio optimization and risk evaluation are rather important. This paper proposes a decision support system not only for solving the problem of contracts portfolio optimization, by using linear programming, but also to execute risks analysis of the contracts portfolio performance, with VaR and CVaR metrics. Realistic tests have demonstrated the efficiency of this system.