英语现分关系小句的时态结构与时间解读

讨论英语现在分词关系小句的时态结构缺陷及其相关的句法表现,如时间解读的相对依赖性、时间指向的句法歧义、补句成份缺失、时态投射缺失以及不能凸显含参照时间的介词短语等,并进一步探索该类小句的句法树图与逻辑表征。

唯识学与现象学的六个理论分野

唯识学与现象学的六个概念之间,即"识"与"意识""二空"与"悬置""二分"与"显现""自证分"与"意向性结构""现量"与"本质直观""真如"与"事物本身"等,其意涵有一定交接,但似是而非。第一,"识"具有判断、明辨的认识功能,还可以转成"八识",前五识是感觉功能,第六识是意识,第七识是自我意识,第八识阿赖耶识是宇宙万有的总摄,具有永恒性。阿赖耶识此义近似于西方哲学的logos和中国哲学的"道""无",无法翻译。可见"识"与现象学的"意识"差异之巨大。第二,唯识学主张"万法唯识""我、法二空"。"二空"说是形上学。现象学"悬置"说是方法论,即假设万物皆"空"。可见"悬置"和"二空"具有方法论与形上学的本质不同。第三,唯识学认为世界万物都是"识""变"而来,呈现为"见分"和"相分"。这不仅是一种意识活动,还包括情感、心理等因素,因此不仅是认识意义上的,还有本体论、存在论的意义。现象学的"显现"说,意在描述对象事物在意识的呈现过程中具有意义意向性特点。可见"二分"与"显现"之差异。第四,唯识学的自证分就是八识自体。自证分是体,"二分"是用,体用一如。这与魏晋玄学体用一如思想基本相同,于意义生成没有直接关系。现象学所谓"意向性结构"是意识的本质特征,表明意识活动都是指向性的。因此,唯识学自证分与现象学意向性结构两个概念基本不能对应。第五,唯识学"现量"是指认知活动中认知主体亲身在场、当下感知,与六识、三性、百法交接,绝不是纯粹意识,不具有普遍性。而从佛教角度说,"现量"在所得智下所观照的也不是物理现实世界。现象学"本质直观"是指认知主体经过"悬置"之后的纯粹意识,对于对象事物所进行的观照活动。在这个过程中要绝对排除对象的物理性存在,只关注事物普遍性的"本质",绝非个性化的认知结果。可见"现量"与"本质直观"之间很难找到相同点。第六,唯识学最高目标是证得"真如",方法是修行。现象学根本目标是解决认识中"意义"确定性问题,回到"事物本身",属于哲学认识论。以上六个概念展示的根本理论差异,凸显出唯识学与现象学之间不可逾越的理论鸿沟,还揭示出以日常经验为基础的公元7世纪佛教认知体系描述,与在现代科学背景下的20世纪认知体系描述的本质不同。

改变农业发展滞后局面的战略性举措——改革农业承包地分配制度

改变农业发展滞后局面的战略性举措——改革农业承包地分配制度●郑景骥本文认为，目前我国农业发展滞后导源于农业承包地分配制度本身所固有的缺陷。在对现行农业承包地分配制度的特点及负面效应进行剖析的基础上，作者提出了改革的指导思想，并认为“由两田制起步，逐步...

引水管桥大跨度箱型拱现浇关键要素及质量控制

小关子水电站引水管桥采用现浇箱型拱桥,主拱圈净跨124m,净矢高为24.8m,矢跨比为1∶5,拱轴数为1.988,为等截面悬链无铰拱现浇混凝土结构。该拱桥每延米荷载为40T,受荷同时期堪称亚洲第一桥。箱型拱现浇质量控制关系到桥梁安全,对关键技术采用了一系列控制措施,确保了工程质量。该桥已投入运行多年,工况良好。

Pollen Assemblage Features of Modern Water Samples from the Shiyang River Drainage, Arid Region of China

Pollen analysis of 30 modem water samples from the Shivang River, an internal river system located between the Tengger and Badain Jaran deserts, Northwest China was carried out to examine the river's capacity to carry pollen and spores, and to assess the contribution of the water-borne pollen to pollen assemblages in lake sediments at the end of the river system. Results indicate the pollen assemblages in water samples consist of both local and upland pollen. Percentages of upland pollen reach 30% - 60%, and pollen assemblages in water samples do not indicate the nature of local vegetation at the sampling sites. Fluvial currents have the capacity to transport large quantities of pollen long distances, and the contribution of this fluvial transported pollen is relatively high, For example, percentages of Picea Dietr. pollen in water samples at sampling sites 130 km and 145 km away from Picea forests reach 16.5% and 7.7%, respectively. Fluvial pollen transport occurs primarily during flood periods, and pollen concentrations from the flood samples are 17.1 - 12.5 times those from normal fluvial flow. Reservoirs affect pollen transportation since pollen is deposited at reservoir inlets and pollen concentrations are much reduced at reservoir outlets. Human activity can thus change natural features of pollen transportation and deposition. The main factors influencing pollen concentrations and assemblages are sampling time, sampling location, and rainfall intensity.

The White-eared Night Heron(Gorsachius magnificus):from behind the bamboo curtain to the front stage

Once,in 2007,the authors had written:regarding to the endangerment of the White-eared Night Heron (Gorsachius magnificus),it would be evidentially to say that no longer the status of the bird is to meet the Criteria EN C1 but more likely still marginally meet EN C2a(i),and hence the bird might be currently remained amongst those Endangered (EN),with caveats that,if any bird could have been found in an area outside the range of any known subpopulation,it will then warrant a lower threat status.Now,it is time for due consideration.

Relocation Effects on Southern Shaanxi Province with a Case of Nanzheng County, Hanzhong City

Based on field survey and research of Hanzhong, relocation of Nanzheng County was explored and the existing problems were analyzed. Furthermore, the re- gional characters of Nanzheng County were investigated to analyze the feasibility and necessity of relocation with lots of data and evaluation was made on relocation of Nanzheng County. In addition, the existing problems of relocation were concluded and the prospect of the county was discussed, which is of significance for relocation in Nanzheng County and even southern Shaanxi Province.

THEOREMS OF INTERVAL FUZZY SET AND ITS OPERATION RULES

Although the concept of interval fuzzy set and its properties have been defined, its three theorems and their effectiveness are not proved. Therefore, the knowledge presentation and its operation rules of interval fuzzy set are studied firstly, and then the cut set of interval fuzzy set is proposed. Moreover, the decomposition theo- rem, the representation theorem and the extension theorem of interval fuzzy set are presented. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate that the classical fuzzy set is a special case of interval fuzzy set and interval fuzzy set is an effective expansion of the classical fuzzy set.

Present status and conservation strategies of mangrove resource in Guangdong, P. R. China

According to the survey of Guangdong mangrove resource in 2001 and authors field investigations in the past 5 years, the total mature mangrove land area of Guangdong Province was estimated at 9084 hm2, accounting for 41.4% of total mangrove land area of China. These mangrove forests totally consisted of 50 species belonging to 28 families, distributed at more than 100 locations along the coastlines of Guangdong and most of them present a high dense and dwarf appearance. The Ass. Avicennia marina is the most dominant mangrove association. The investigation results showed that the mangrove forests with coverage rates above 0.7 accounted for 68.0% of the total mangrove land area of the province and 77.8% of mangrove forests was less than 2 m in tree height. Since 1950, 54.6% of mangrove forests have disappeared due to paddy rice reclaim, aquaculture and city constructions. Derivational conservation efforts are still weakly empowered and should be strengthened intensively. The author suggested that mangrove laws and regulations should be enforced, mangrove scientific research should be strengthened; and mangrove conservation awareness of local community should be raised on conservation of mangroves.

Liver alveolar echinococcosis in China: Clinical aspect with relative basic research

This paper deals with all aspects of liver alveolar echinococcosis (AE) including epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, surgical treatment and chemotherapy.The review is not only based on personal clinical experiences but also in combination with relative basic research such as proliferation and growth of alveococcus, preclinical studies of a novel compound extracted from TCM for treatment of liver AE, and molecular immunology used for specific AE diagnosis, etc.

Knowledge discovery method for feature-decision level fusion of multiple classifiers

To improve the performance of the multiple classifier system, a new method of feature-decision level fusion is proposed based on knowledge discovery. In the new method, the base classifiers operate on different feature spaces and their types depend on different measures of between-class separability. The uncertainty measures corresponding to each output of each base classifier are induced from the established decision tables （DTs） in the form of mass function in the Dempster-Shafer theory （DST）. Furthermore, an effective fusion framework is built at the feature-decision level on the basis of a generalized rough set model and the DST. The experiment for the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images shows that the performance of the classification can be improved by the proposed method compared with that of plurality voting （PV）.

Long-term outcome and efficacy of endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids

AIM:To assess the long-term outcome of endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation (EHL) for the treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids.METHODS:A total of 759 consecutive patients (415 males and 344 females) were enrolled.Clinical presentations were rectal bleeding (593 patients) and mucosal prolapse (166 patients).All patients received EHL at outpatient clinics.Hemorrhoid severity was classified by Goligher's grading.The mean follow-up period was 55.4 mo (range,45-92 mo).RESULTS:The number of band ligations averaged 2.35 in the first session for bleeding and 2.69 for prolapsed patients.Bleeding was controlled in 587 (98.0%) patients,while prolapse was reduced in 137 (82.5%) patients.After treatment,93 patients experienced anal pain and 48 patients had mild bleeding.Patient subjective satisfaction was 93.6%.Repeat treatment or surgery was performed if symptoms were not relieved in the first session.In the bleeding group,the recurrence rate was 3.7% (22 patients) at 1 year,and 6.6%and 13.0% at 2 and 5 years.In the prolapsed group,the recurrence rate was 3.0%,9.6% and 16.9% at 1,2 and 5 years,respectively.CONCLUSION:EHL is an easy and well-tolerated procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids,with good long-term results.

Genotype phenotype classification of hepatocellular adenoma

Studies that compare tumor genotype with phenotype have provided the basis of a new histological/molecular classification of hepatocellular adenomas. Based on two molecular criteria （presence of a TCFI/HNF1α or β-catenin mutation）, and an additional histological criterion （presence or absence of an inflammatory infiltrate）, subgroups of hepatocellular adenoma can be defined and distinguished from focal nodular hyperplasia. Analysis of 96 hepatocellular adenomas performed by a French collaborative network showed that they can be divided into four broad subgroups： the first one is defined by the presence of mutations in TCF1 gene inactivating the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 （HNF1α）, the second by the presence of β-catenin activating mutations; the category without mutations of HNF1α or β-catenin is further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the presence or absence of inflammation. Therefore, the approach to the diagnosis of problematic benign hepatocytic nodules may be entering a new era directed by new molecular information. It is hoped that immunohistological tools will improve significantly diagnosis of liver biopsy in our ability to distinguish hepatocellular adenoma from focal nodular hyperplasia （FNH）, and to delineate clinically meaningful entities within each group to define the best clinical management. The optimal care of patients with a liver nodule will benefit from the recent knowledge coming from molecular biology and the combined expertise of hepatologists, pathologists, radiologists, and surgeons.

A BLIND SNR ESTIMATOR FOR DIGITAL BANDPASS SIGNALS

A subspace-based blind Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation algorithm for digital bandpass signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is discussed. The lower bounds of the mean and variance of the estimation are derived, and simulations are performed for the commonly used digital bandpass signals, such as MPSK (M=2, 4, 8), MFSK (M=2, 4) and MQAM (M=16, 64, 128, 256) signals. Theoretical analyses and simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is ef- fective even when the SNR is below 0dB. Furthermore, the algorithm can provide a blind estimator in that it needs neither the parameters of the received signals, such as the carrier frequency, symbol rate and modulation scheme, nor the synchronization of the system.

Analysis and implementation of a new hyperchaotic system

Based on a modified Lorenz system, a relatively simple four-dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic system is proposed by introducing a state feedback controller. The system consists of four coupled first-order ordinary differential equations with three nonlinear cross-product terms. Some dynamical properties of this hyperchaotic system, including equlibria, stability, Lyapunov exponent spectrum and bifurcation, are analysed in detail. Moreover, an electronic circuit diagram is designed for demonstrating the existence of the hyperchaos, and verifying computer simulation results.

Alcohol-induced protein hyperacetylation: Mechanisms and consequences

Although the clinical manifestations of alcoholic liver disease are well-described, little is known about the molecular basis of liver injury. Recent studies have indicated that ethanol exposure induces global protein hyperacetylationo This reversible, post- translational modification on the E-amino groups of lysine residues has been shown to modulate multiple, diverse cellular processes ranging from transcriptional activation to microtubule stability. Thus, alcohol- induced protein hyperacetylation likely leads to major physiological consequences that contribute to alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. Lysine acetylation is controlled by the activities of two opposing enzymes, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. Currently, efforts are aimed at determining which enzymes are responsible for the increased acetylation of specific substrates. However, the greater challenge will be to determine the physiological ramifications of protein hyperacetylation and how they might contribute to the progression of liver disease. In this review, we will first list and discuss the proteins known to be hyperacetylated in the presence of ethanol. We will then describe what is known about the mechanisms leading to increased protein acetylation and how hyperacetylation may perturb hepatic function.

Taxonomy in the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB): Progress during the past decade(2008-2018) and perspectives on future development

The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80 th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae,Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches,and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.

Pentoxifylline in hepatopulmonary syndrome

AIM： To determine the effects of pentoxifylline （PTX） on clinical manifestations and evaluate arterial blood gas data in hepatopulmonary syndrome （HPS） in chil- dren. METHODS： In a pilot study of 10 children with chronic liver disease, who had HPS, 20 mg/kg/d PTX was ad- ministered for 3 mo. Clinical data and arterial blood gas parameters were evaluated at baseline, the end of the treatment period, and 3 mo after drug discontinuation. RESULTS： Six patients could tolerate PTX, while four patients experienced complications, Among patients who could tolerate PTX, there was a significant increase in arterial oxygen pressure （PaO2） （P = 0,02） and oxy- gen saturation （Sa02） （P = 0.04） and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient （P = 0.02） after 3 mo of treatment. Significant decreases in Pa02 （P = 0.02） and alveolararterial oxygen gradient （P = 0.02） were also seen after drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION： PTX may improve PaO2, Sa02 and alve- olar-arterial oxygen gradient in the early stage of HPS.

Novel insight into mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury

Cholestasis results in a buildup of bile acids in serum and in hepatocytes.Early studies into the mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury strongly implicated bile acidinduced apoptosis as the major cause of hepatocellular injury.Recent work has focused both on the role of bile acids in cell signaling as well as the role of sterile inflammation in the pathophysiology.Advances in modern analytical methodology have allowed for more accurate measuring of bile acid concentrations in serum,liver,and bile to very low levels of detection.Interestingly,toxic bile acid levels are seemingly far lower than previously hypothesized.The initial hypothesis has been based largely upon the exposure of μmol/L concentrations of toxic bile acids and bile salts to primary hepatocytes in cell culture,the possibility that in vivo bile acid concentrations may be far lower than the observed in vitro toxicity has far reaching implications in the mechanism of injury.This review will focus on both how different bile acids and different bile acid concentrations can affect hepatocytes during cholestasis,and additionally provide insight into how these data support recent hypotheses that cholestatic liver injury may not occur through direct bile acid-induced apoptosis,but may involve largely inflammatory cell-mediated liver cell necrosis.

Thermal decomposition behaviour of polyacrylamidomethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in red mud separation process

In order to provide references for selecting highly efficient red mud flocculants, the behaviour of polyacrylamidomethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride （PATAC） in red mud separation process was investigated. PATAC was employed as a flocculant for red mud separation from the caustic aluminate liquor at 95 ℃. The used red mud was generated from Chinese diaspore bauxite in Bayer process of alumina production. And the changes of PATAC before or after being treated in caustic solution at 95 ℃ were studied by thermogravimetry （TG） and Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectral analysis. The results show that PATAC fails in effectively focculating red mud and PATAC is readily converted to a quaternary ammonium hydroxide （PATAH） in caustic solution. PATAH can be decomposed to a new polymer （HPATAH） even at 95 ℃. Furthermore, there is an intramolecular hydrogen bond formed in the HPATAH polymer chain with two functional groups of--CH2--OH and --CONH2. Therefore, the poor flocculation property of PATAC for red mud separation can be attributed to the thermal decomposition of PATAC in the caustic red mud slurry at 95 ℃ and the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond in the polymer chain of HPATAH during the thermal decomposition, which causes the absorbable functional groups of PATAC to decrease greatly.