技术矛盾/物理矛盾的分析与确定——基于TOC消云图

矛盾分析是TRIZ理论的核心内容之一,但TRIZ理论对如何分析和确定技术矛盾与物理矛盾讨论较少,导致实践中出现"易学难用"现象。本文将约束理论中消云图分析和确定矛盾的方法引入TRIZ理论,提出了技术矛盾消云图和物理矛盾消云图的概念,并开发了确定技术矛盾和物理矛盾的具体操作流程,弥补了TRIZ理论的分析和确定矛盾不足的问题,为矛盾分析解决问题打下了坚实基础。

Present status and conservation strategies of mangrove resource in Guangdong, P. R. China

According to the survey of Guangdong mangrove resource in 2001 and authors field investigations in the past 5 years, the total mature mangrove land area of Guangdong Province was estimated at 9084 hm2, accounting for 41.4% of total mangrove land area of China. These mangrove forests totally consisted of 50 species belonging to 28 families, distributed at more than 100 locations along the coastlines of Guangdong and most of them present a high dense and dwarf appearance. The Ass. Avicennia marina is the most dominant mangrove association. The investigation results showed that the mangrove forests with coverage rates above 0.7 accounted for 68.0% of the total mangrove land area of the province and 77.8% of mangrove forests was less than 2 m in tree height. Since 1950, 54.6% of mangrove forests have disappeared due to paddy rice reclaim, aquaculture and city constructions. Derivational conservation efforts are still weakly empowered and should be strengthened intensively. The author suggested that mangrove laws and regulations should be enforced, mangrove scientific research should be strengthened; and mangrove conservation awareness of local community should be raised on conservation of mangroves.

城市基层治理多元关系网络理想模型构建与关键问题研究

在社会治理重心下移的过程中,城市基层治理推进缓慢且困难重重,主要表现为主体角色定位清晰但功能作用发挥不足、多元主体关系明晰但矛盾重重、各类问题明确但解决方案总是治标不治本等。为此,以国家政策法规为依据,明确各治理主体的角色定位,可将其划分为领导型、负责型、自治型、参与型、合作型五个类别;以相应的治理理论为基础,可构建城市基层治理多元关系网络理想模型,即党建引领的党—政关系、协调指导的街—居关系、执政为民的街—民关系、协同合作的街—社关系、自治为民的居—民关系、互助互惠的社—民关系。同时,对照此理想模型,运用现状树界定城市基层治理中的关键问题并探究其产生的根原因,可得出结论:城市基层治理中的关键问题是相互联系的,两个消极增强循环圈使得部分关键问题不断强化,社会治理重心下移暂时加剧了基层治理问题。为此,完善城市基层治理,应建立社会治理重心有序下移的协商机制,既保证下移的管理服务事项与资源一起下放到基层,又避免下移工作简单化和行政命令化;同时,要围绕调整街道—社区关系、打破两个消极增强循环圈以及强化城市基层党组织统筹引领能力、街道社区为民服务能力及城市基层智慧治理能力开展城市基层治理工作。