固体微粒在滴灌水体中形成、长大的理化机理

本文从几个方面探讨了关于滴灌水体中固体微粒形成长大的理化机理。这对于在滴灌的设计与施工中，为防止发生滴头堵塞现象，提供了理论上的依据。

煤变质作用的构造物理化学机理实验研究进展

煤作为对温度、压力等地质环境条件极敏感的有机岩,地质历史演化过程中各种构造-热事件必然导致煤发生一系列物理、化学、结构和构造变化,物理模拟实验则是揭示煤变质作用机理的重要手段。本文基于煤变质热模拟实验、高温高压模拟实验方面的研究成果,着重对煤变质作用机理、演化进程及煤变质作用模拟实验的应用和发展趋势进行阐述。煤变质作用包含煤化作用和石墨化作用两个阶段,体现为多尺度、多阶段的物理化学结构演化,基本特征趋向于分子结构有序化和化学成分单一化。温度是煤变质的主导因素,而力的作用方式同样约束着煤变质作用。热模拟实验基于“时间-温度补偿原理”,采用开放、半开放和封闭等不同实验体系,模拟不同温压条件和构造-热环境下的热解过程。高温高压模拟实验基于相似性原理,在热模拟基础上加入压力变量,模拟不同温压条件和应力-应变环境,以全面模拟煤在各种构造物理化学条件下所发生的物理化学变化,探究不同温压耦合条件下煤变质作用机理、影响因素与演化途径。煤变质的热模拟及高温高压模拟实验在油气生成、煤储层评价、煤成石墨化及煤中战略性金属元素迁移等多个领域得到广泛应用,今后将朝多学科交叉融合和多场耦合模拟实验方向发展,以期更精确地模拟地层构造作用下的复杂地质条件,为深入探究煤变质作用的构造物理化学机理提供更有效的技术手段。

冷等离子体固体表面改性的物理化学机理

冷等离子体高的活性,可以引起多种化学反应或物理掺杂。本文主要阐述了冷等离子体的物理化学性质,分析了氧等离子体对固体表面改性的物理化学机理,并指出目前冷等离子体应用存在的问题。

泌尿结石形成的物理化学机理及其预防

泌尿结石形成的物理化学机理主要分为热力学和动力学两种 ,预防泌尿结石的生成 。

胶结充填微观结构物理化学机理的研究

针对苏联扎波罗热铁矿公司的生产条件,以有色冶金副产品—红色炉渣为主要原料利用新工艺制备成一种优质胶结剂—炉渣灰,按其使用特性可满足多方面的要求。事实证明,在以波罗日矿床的砂质骨料作主要原料的胶结充填料中。

表面活性剂在花岗岩研磨中的物理化学作用

花岗岩研磨过程中添加含不同类型表面活性剂的磨削液。测量添加不同表面活性剂及不同浓度的磨削液时花岗岩的磨削比 ,分析比较磨削液浓度及表面活性剂对花岗岩研磨效率的影响。通过测量磨削液的表面张力、磨削液作用后的花岗岩表面电位等参数 ,研究了表面活性剂对花岗岩研磨过程的物理化学作用机理。实验结果表明 :与水比较 ,表面活性剂磨削液能明显提高花岗岩研磨效率 ;阳离子型表面活性剂的磨削液对研磨效率的提高效果优于阴离子型和非离子型的表面活性剂磨削液 ;研磨盘的粒度越细 ,表面活性剂的作用效果越明显。

炉渣真空贫化的物理化学

金属因在渣中被机械夹杂而造成损失，是冶金过程中普遍存在的问题，在工业上，需用各种方法来回收渣中金属。采用真空手段贫化强氧化性铜渣，使渣量的２／３含铜从＞５％降到含铜＜０．５％，直接弃渣小型试验的成功，是一突破性进展．本文深入探讨了其物理化学机理，为国家“八五”重大引进项目“富氧熔池自热熔炼技术”的渣贫化的工业化，提供理论依据．

混凝土冻融损伤机理研究

通过对影响混凝土冻融损伤的力学、物理化学机理进行分析,为混凝土在恶劣条件下的耐久性评估及寿命预测提供了一定理论依据,为工程设计和施工提供参考。

水分对煤炭自燃的影响

煤炭自燃是一个复杂的物理化学过程,煤的水分是影响氧化进程的重要因素。论述了水分在煤炭自燃初始阶段的催化作用和对煤炭自燃的抑制作用,研究了水分在煤炭自燃过程的物理化学机理,针对一些矿区煤炭自燃的实例对其水分的影响进行了分析。煤炭中水分对煤的氧化、蓄热和散热过程都有一定的影响,煤中水分对煤炭自燃到底是起阻化抑制作用,还是起催化触媒作用,应根据具体条件而论。

硫酸盐含量对黄土黏粒特性的影响研究

黏粒是黄土粒组的主要组成部分,也是影响黄土的最活跃部分,盐分的加入使得黄土中黏粒的团聚作用及物理力学性质都有明显的差异,这也决定了盐度在影响黏粒团聚的众多因子中占主导地位。以黄土为研究对象,探究盐分对黄土黏土颗粒团聚的影响和机理。本文在洗盐的基础上配制不同质量比(0、0.3%、0.5%、3.%、5.0%、8.0%)的人工硫酸盐盐渍土,基于粒度分析和界限含水率试验,研究硫酸盐对黏土颗粒的团聚作用的宏观表征,在击实试验的基础上结合XRD、SEM、EDS和BET研究硫酸盐含量对黏土颗粒团聚作用的微观结构和物理化学机理。试验表明:随着含盐量的增加,黏粒的含量减小,液限和塑性指数减小,塑限不变;含盐量大于0.3%时(即盐渍土)随着含盐量的增加,过多的硫酸钠无法溶解以晶体的形式析出,析出的晶体进一步吸收水分子最终形成芒硝晶体,体积会急剧增大,导致最大干密度一直减小,而强烈的水化作用则使最优含水率增大;硫酸盐对黏粒产生团聚作用,当含盐量增加时,芒硝晶体的衍射峰增强,团聚体的含量增多,比表面积减小,吸附能力减弱,扩散层压缩变薄,液限和塑性指数减小。

涉海混凝土桥梁腐蚀裂化与防护措施研究

通过分析氯盐诱发的钢筋锈蚀以及镁盐和硫酸盐对混凝土的腐蚀,探讨了海洋环境下混凝土裂化机理,从电化学修复、混凝土表面涂层和设计防护等角度提出增强混凝土桥梁抗腐蚀性能的措施,可为延长结构使用寿命和改善混凝土耐久性等提供借鉴。

Methylation of toluene with methanol over HZSM-5:A periodic density functional theory investigation

Periodic density functional theory was applied to investigate the reaction mechanism for the methylation of toluene with methanol over HZSM-5.The results indicated that toluene could be methylated at its para,meta,ortho and geminal positions via a concerted or stepwise pathway.For the concerted pathway,the calculated free energy barriers for the para,meta,ortho and geminal methylation reactions were 167,138,139 and 183 kJ/mol,respectively.For the stepwise pathway,the dehydration of methanol was found to be the rate-determining step with a free energy barrier of145 kj/mol,whereas the free energy barriers for the methylation of toluene at its para,meta,ortho and geminal positions were 127,105,106 and 114 kj/mol,respectively.Both pathways led to the formation of C8H11^＋ species as important intermediates,which could back-donate a proton to the zeolite framework via a reorientation process or form gaseous products through demethylation.Methane was formed via an intramolecular hydrogen transfer reaction from a ring carbon of the C8H11^＋ species to the carbon of the methyl group,with calculated energy barriers of 136,132 and134 kj/mol for the para,meta and ortho C8H11^＋ species,respectively.The calculated free energy barriers for the formation of para-,meta- and ortho-xylene indicated that the formation of the para-xylene had the highest energy barrier for both pathways.

Nonequilibrium Statistical Theory of Fracture

Nonequilibrium statistical theory of fracture is a theory of fracture that macromechanical quantities can be derived from the microscopic atomic mechanism of microcrack(or microvoid)evolution kinetcs by means of nonequilibrium statistical physical concepts and methods. The microcrack evolution equation is the central equation in the theory.The coefficents of the equation, the microcrack growth rate and the microcrack nucleation rate,come from microscopic atomic mechanism.The solution of the equation connects with macromechanical quantities by the model of the weakest chain. All the other formulas and quantities, for instance, distribution function,fracture probability, reliability, failure rate and macromechanical quantities such as strength, toughness, life etc. and their statistical distribution function and statistical fluctuation are derived in a unified fashion and expressed by a few physical parameters. This theory can be widely applied to various kinds of fracture, such as the brittle, fatigue, delayed and environmental fracture of metals and structural ceramics. The theoretical framework of this theory is given in this paper.

Probiotics and the gastrointestinal tract:Where are we in 2005?

Probiotic agents are live microbes or components of microbes that have a positive effect on the host. They exert their action through interplay with the immune system of the host. Some of this effect is local and some is systemic. The full story is yet to be discovered. Probiotics have a definite positive effect on rotavirus diarrhea, post antibiotic diarrhea and pouchitis. Their exact role in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, other forms of infectious diarrhea, and prevention of cancer is yet to be determined. This review summarizes the data about probiotics in these conditions.

In-situ polymerization for PPy/g-C_3N_4 composites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance

Polypyrrole‐modified graphitic carbon nitride composites(PPy/g‐C3N4)are fabricated using an in‐situ polymerization method to improve the visible light photocatalytic activity of g‐C3N4.The PPy/g‐C3N4 is applied to the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)under visible light irradiation.Various characterization techniques are employed to investigate the relationship between the structural properties and photoactivities of the as‐prepared composites.Results show that the specific surface area of the PPy/g‐C3N4 composites increases upon assembly of the amorphous PPy nanoparticles on the g‐C3N4 surface.Owing to the strong conductivity,the PPy can be used as a transition channel for electrons to move onto the g‐C3N4 surface,thus inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated carriers of g‐C3N4 and improving the photocatalytic performance.The elevated light adsorption of PPy/g‐C3N4 composites is attributed to the strong absorption coefficient of PPy.The composite containing 0.75 wt%PPy exhibits a photocatalytic efficiency that is 3 times higher than that of g‐C3N4 in 2 h.Moreover,the degradation kinetics follow a pseudo‐first‐order model.A detailed photocatalytic mechanism is proposed with·OH and·O2-radicals as the main reactive species.The present work provides new insights into the mechanistic understanding of PPy in PPy/g‐C3N4 composites for environmental applications.

Mechanism of coconut husk activated carbon modified by Mn(NO3)2

To study the mechanism by which activated carbon is modified by HNO3 and Mn(NO3)2,the pore texture and surface chemical characteristics of carbon materials in coconut husk activated carbon(AC)were examined via scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).After being modified by HNO3,the millipore character of AC became deformed,and the character of the adjacent pores remained consolidated.The surface manganites of Mn/AC-1 presented as block and reticular fiber structures,Mn/AC-2's surface manganites presented as petty mammock crystals,and Mn/AC-3's surface manganites were observed as gauze nanosheets that interlace to fill in the pore canal.Nitric acid modification was shown to enlarge surface pores but decrease the specific surface area of AC.Mn loading can be used to construct a new pore structure that,in turn,increased the total specific surface area as well as the specific surface area and the volume of the millipores.Mn/AC-2's pore structure was optimized at a calcination temperature of 500℃and a loading quantity of 5%.The ash content of AC was considerably reduced after modified by HNO3.The active materials for Mn/AC-1 mainly consisted of Mn3O4,with a few Mn2O3 crystals,whereas Mn/AC-2's materials were mainly Mn3O4 and some MnO crystals.Mn/AC-3 was exclusively composed of Mn3O4.HNO3 activation and Mn loading modification did not considerably affect the functional group species present on the catalyst.Modification conditions using the same loading quantities and higher calcination temperatures decreased the number of O—H and N—H bonds while conversely increasing the number of CC and C—O bonds.On the contrary,the use of a higher loading quantity while maintaining the same calcination temperature increased the number of O—H and N—H bonds.A higher loading quantity is beneficial for increasing Mn^4+species.A higher calcination temperature is beneficial for increasing Mn^3+species.The results can optimize the conditions under which Mn/AC catalyst modification occurs,thus improving the physical and chemical properties of carbon-based sorbents.

Boiling Heat Transfer in an Acoustic Cavitation Field

An experimental study has been carried out investigatesystematically the effects of acoustic cavi- tation parameters andfluid subcooling on boiling of acetone around a horizontal circulartube. The experimental results show that acoustic cavitation enhancedremarkably the boiling heat transfer and decreased the incipientboiling superheat and that cavitation bubbles effect on boiling heattransfer reduced with cavitation distance. For boiling curves in aform of h-q', elevated cavitation distance shift nucleate boilingcurves to the right of the cor- responding ordinary pool boilingcurve. The associated mechanism of heat transfer enhancement isanalyzed with the consideration of cavitation bubble influence onvapor embryo.

Thermal catalysis under dark ambient conditions in environmental remediation:Fundamental principles, development, and challenges

Thermal catalytic degradation of organic pollutants conducted in the dark at room temperature under atmospheric pressure without the need of external chemicals and energy sources has attracted a lot of attention over the last two decades. It provides unparalleled advantages over other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in treating domestic and industrial contaminated wastewater from the viewpoint of energy/chemical conservation and ease of operation. Rich knowledge has been accumulated in terms of the synthesis and application of thermal catalysts though controversies remain regarding their underlying mechanisms. This review sheds light on the proposed thermo- catalysis mechanism for the first time and presents the development of thermal catalysts under dark ambient conditions with a focus on catalyst materials, catalytic activity, and mechanism. The present review aims to provide mechanistic insights into the rational design of novel and efficient catalysts, and their underlying mechanisms as well as the emerging challenges and perspectives in thermo-catalysis under dark ambient conditions used for the practical and efficient treatment of contaminated wastewater.

Degradation of Organic Pollutants by the Advanced Oxidation Processes

A kinetic model has been developed for the degradation of organic pollutants concerning with hydroperoxide ion as the initial step for generation of hydroxyl radical and its subsequent reaction mechanisms. Rate equations were derived for depletion of ozone and pollutants in the peroxone oxidation process using ozone and hydrogen peroxide as combined oxidants. Kinetic data obtained experimentally from the hydrogen peroxide-ozone reaction and peroxone oxidation of nitrobenzene were analyzed by using the proposed rate equations.