企业生命模型的管理学逻辑

企业生命模型是一个自组织模型,在四因素中,企业的机制即产权与治理结构在成长与演化中起最后的决定作用。一个完全公平竞争的内外市场环境,将提高企业的信息传输效率。企业生命模型也是一个知识管理模型,它隐含着知识的创造、管理和共享过程。

企业生命模型的管理学逻辑

企业生命模型是一个自组织模型,在四因素中,企业的机制即产权与治理结构在成长与演化中起最后的决定作用。一个完全公平竞争的内外市场环境,将提高企业的信息传输效率。企业生命模型也是一个知识管理模型,它隐含着知识的创造、管理和共享过程。

康熙朝文庙从祀争论中的经学逻辑与理学逻辑

作为汉朝“儒者宗”的董仲舒,迟至元朝始入文庙,且居于从祀末等。清康熙年间,许三礼上疏,倡议调整董仲舒从祀位次,由此掀起一场关于文庙从祀的争论。这场争论体现出清朝所面临的政治文化正当性危机,明清易代、华夷之别、治道之争则构成清朝正当性论证的关键障碍。为解决上述问题,康熙帝运用理学逻辑将明清之争理解为正统与异端之辨,并通过“崇正学,黜异端”实践,为自己建构起治道合一的圣王形象,从而将合法性和神圣性诉诸个体道德。许三礼则采取“溯道源天”的经学逻辑,着眼于对共同体命运的责任承担,在肯定清朝权威的同时,将合法性和神圣性奠基于天道追寻,试图把清朝纳入儒教的历史叙事。就此而言,回顾此次讨论,不仅具有思想史意义,而且有助于理解儒教在国家民族建构方面的意义以及清朝在这方面所做的努力。

继往开来:朱熹理学经典诠释思想发微

朱子直承程颐,会通佛老,综罗百代,是为“道学”之嫡传,也是宋明理学的一大高峰。在经典诠释思想上,朱子兼采汉宋之学,通过“理一分殊”本体构架与“格物穷理”工夫进路对儒家经典作出新解。不仅如此,朱子为了回应佛老,正本清源,挺立儒学,还运用“理—气—物—理”的逻辑结构将其理学思想托盘而出。朱熹理学经典诠释思想中所蕴含的天人合一、生命与实践的智慧哲思,不仅在古代思想界大放异彩,同时,对当下思考“古代经典新诠释”的问题也有一定启发。

认知科学框架下心理学、逻辑学的交叉融合与发展

心理学研究感性认识形式,逻辑学研究理性认识形式。二者密切相关但却长期分离。20世纪70年代中期,认知科学的建立和发展,为心理学和逻辑学的交叉融合提供了科学依据和学科框架。在认知科学的框架下,心理学与逻辑学交叉融合,产生了逻辑心理学和心理逻辑等新兴学科。逻辑推理受心理因素的影响,是由人参与的、涉身的经验科学。认知逻辑是逻辑学与认知科学交叉发展的新领域,其中心理逻辑、文化与进化的逻辑、神经系统的逻辑尤其值得关注。认知科学的发展将带来一个学科综合交叉、问题引领科学研究、科学研究引领学科建设、人才全面发展的新时代。

数系扩充的思维分析

对数系的扩充进行了逻辑心理学的分析.

Scheme for Remote Implementation of Partially Unknown Quantum Operation of Two Qubits in Cavity QED

By constructing the recovery operations of the protocol of remote implementation of partially unknownquantum operation of two qubits[An-Min Wang:Phys.Rev.A 74(2006)032317]with two-qubit Cnot gate and singlequbit logic gates,we present a scheme to implement it in cavity QED.Long-lived Rydberg atoms are used as qubits,and the interaction between the atoms and the field of cavity is a nonresonant one.Finally,we analyze the experimentalfeasibility of this scheme.

Formal Concept Analysis Based on Set-valued Mapping

Formal concept analysis （FCA） is a discipline that studied the hierarchical structures induced by a binary relation between a pair of sets, and applies in data analysis, information retrieval, knowledge discovery, etc. In this paper, it is shown that a formal context T is equivalent to a set-valued mapping S ： G → P（М）, and formal concepts could be defined in the set-valued mapping S. It is known that the topology and set-valued mapping are linked. Hence, the advantage of this paper is that the conclusion make us to construct formal concept lattice based on the topology.

The Significance of Image Schema in Embodied Cognition

As a recurring pattern of sensory-motor-affective experience, image schema is not only a concept discussed in linguistics and psychology, but also a significant one in the study of embodied cognition. Through analyzing the features of image schema considered by the authors as embodiment, recessiveness, sedimentation, logicality, scientificity, and dependency to cognitive metaphors and reviewing the definition of embodied cognition, the paper argues that image schema is an integration of bodily property and mental property, and accordingly a core and inseparable concept of embodied cognition by bridging body and mind. Image schema can help to explain how abstraction and inference generate from body-environment interactions, thus making the theory of embodied cognition more persuasive and reliable.

The Descriptivist vs. Anti-descriptivist Semantics Debate between Syntax and Semantics

In this paper, I will focus on the debate between descriptivism and anti-descriptivism theory about proper names. In the introduction, l will propose an historical reconstruction of the debate, and focus in particular on Russell and Kripke＇s treatments of proper names. Strong criticisms will be advanced against Kripke＇s hypothesis of rigid-designator and, more deafly, against the consequent distinction between the epistemic and metaphysical level that Kripke proposes to explain identity assertions between proper names. Furthermore, I will argue, that, pace Kripke, Russellian treatment of proper names allows to capture all our semantic intuitions, and also those semantic interpretations which concern context-belief sentences. I will close the introduction by focusing on a criticism that Kripke rightly points out against an example that Russell proposes in his On Denoting. Section 2 will be devoted to Russellian solution： I will show that not only Russell＇s logical treatment of proper names allows to answer to Kripke＇s criticism to Russell＇s example, but also that such treatment can disambiguate and express all our semantic intuitions about Frege＇s puzzle sentence ＂Hesperus is Phosphorus.＂ ! will then show that, contrarily, Quinian solution （discussed in section 3） and Kripkian one （see section 4） are not satisfactory to capture our semantic knowledge about Frege＇s sentence. Furthermore, in section 5, I will focus on Kripke＇s distinction between epistemic and metaphysical level to deal with identity assertions between proper names, and I will logically show that such distinction is not plausible. In section 5, then, I will show that Russellian solution allows to explain context-belief sentences, contrarily to what Kripke thinks. In Conclusions, I will summarize what 1 have argued in the text.

Knowledge Representation for the Geometrical Shapes

This paper outlines the necessity of the knowledge representation for the geometrical shapes （KRGS）. We advocate that KRGS for being powerful must contain at least three major components, namely （1） fuzzy logic scheme; （2） the machine learning technique; and （3） an integrated algebraic and logical reasoning. After arguing the need for using fuzzy expressions in spatial reasoning, then inducing the spatial graph generalized and maximal common part of the expressions is discussed. Finally, the integration of approximate references into spatial reasoning using absolute measurements is outlined. The integration here means that the satisfiability of a fuzzy spatial expression is conducted by both logical and algebraic reasoning.

Different Forms of Rationalities in Aristotle： From Being to Acting

Every philosophical system of Aristotle is structured around different forms of rationalities. Each form of rationality, according to its method, object, and purpose, seeks to apprehend and to know a specific dimension of being, because being manifests itself in many ways, that is, the totality of reality. Yet, each form of understanding the being has its epistemological and ontological status, always anchored in the logic criteria. In general, the aim of the paper is to characterize some aspects of the main forms of rationalities in the thought of Aristotle, i.e., demonstrative, dialectic, physics, metaphysics, productive, and practices. But before that, succinctly, it is necessary to talk about the different dimensions of being and teleology.

A2A Relationships in Service Contexts

This work aims at developing the actor-to-actor （A2A） relationship concept in service contexts enhancing the contribution of the systems theories. The most recent progresses related to the research on the service, as a matter of fact, highlight how the nowadays co-creation processes are key elements in each service context. Both the Service Science （SS） and the Service Dominant （S-D） logic analyse the importance of the role played by the numerousness of actors involved in the service exchange because of the resources held （and released） and the contribution they can offer. System theories, and in particular the Viable System Approach, offer the possibility of an holistic perspective able to re-interpret the same characterizing mechanisms of the value co-creation. In the following parts of the work it will presented a conceptual analysis based on the contribution of the VSA, the SS and the S-D logic, whose scientific proposals will be developed and critically analysed in order to verify the proposition coherence in terms of A2A relationships within the value co-creation process. The relational perspective of the Service Eco-systems shows a view open to network in relation to economic and social actors, where each organization can be considered as an actor because it is actively committed in the value co-creation development, going beyond the difference between the user, the producer, or the exchange facilitator. Therefore, the contribution proposes some progresses compared with the business to business （B2B） approach and literature, through the introduction of the new A2A interaction concept within the service context for the indistinct role that the actors play in the value co-creation process. In this perspective, the contribution introduces the research line focused on the service, giving attention, afterwards, to the service system context, in order to analyse the features of these systems with the specific goal of identifying its peculiarity. The contribution proceed with the presentation of the systems thinking, and in particular the VSA contribution, directed toward the description of the gaps that the authors identify in the present research attempting to offer some orientations for the comprehension and the improvement of the service systems and of their planning and management implications. The contribution finally proposes an integrated interpretation of the several emerging paradigms （VSA, SS and S-D logic） seeking an in-depth-analysis of the A2A relationships in the service contexts.

Petro Logical Chemical Investigations for Characterization of Marble Stones Discovered Konar-Sandal （Jiroft-lran）

Jiroft region is one of the most historical cities, placed in the southeastern of Iranian plateau. Its history dates back to the second millennium B.C. The ancient history of Jiroft and its proximity to the River ofHalil Roud have attracted archeologists during the recent decades. So far various historical works have been unearthed from the region of which marble ones are especially noteworthy. Basically, marble works were used more commonly in central plateau of Iran than other ones. The marble works discovered in Jirofl region are only comparable with those from the recently excavation at Shahr-I Sokhta in Zabol. The scientific examination of such works may pave way to identify their internal structures and to compare them in terms of their provenance. The present study will focus on the characterization of marbles discovered in Konar Sandal, Jiroft. In addition to petro graphical studies, XRD and XRF investigations were used to identify the crystalline structures as well as balk chemical composition of the discovered marbles. The obtained results revealed that the major constituents of the discovered marbles in Jiroft were Ca and CaO. The structure of discovered marbles had orderly compact patterns resulted mainly from metamorphism conditions. This structure is actually Unsimilar to those from Shahr-I Sokhta.

On the Three Realms of the Effects of Philosophy on Islamic Mysticism

Although there are differences between philosophers and mystics in principles and methods, Islamic philosophers and their reading of the philosophy of the ancient Greece have been very influential on Islamic mysticism. This influence is in three realms of ontology--man＇s relation with God and the way of proving and conveying mystical findings. In ontological realm, the main aim of the Islamic mysticism is recognition of God＇s essence in respect to His names and attributes in order to reach Him. Although they believe in unity of being and regard the created world as God＇s manifestation and do not consider independent existence for it, mystics have not neglected ontology They deal with issues such as gradation and hierarchy of being, the world of intellects, the world of ideas, and separation of essence from existence because of the influence of philosophy. In the realm of man＇s relation with God, there is a love relationship between the Creator and the creature resulting in a fascination based movement due to being attracted to the beauty of Absolute perfection-God-in lower states. Theoretical elucidation of this perfectionist movement and its phases has been under the influence of philosophical opinions suggested by Aristotle, Plotinus, and Sohrevardi. For proving and conveying mystical findings, mystics were usually condemned since their perception was intuitive, personal, and nontransferable. However, Ibn Arabi＇s endeavor in using logical reasoning helped Islamic mysticism to release its spiritual findings from being confined to a personal account and conveying them to others through an assured way; consequently, mysticism introduced itself as a system and a science.

Frege＇s and Russell＇s Contributions to Logic： A Comparative Exposition and Critique

Our ability to arrive at knowledge by chains of judgment is constitutive of our rationality, likewise our ability to discern the self-evidence of logical and arithmetical laws. To count an activity as ＂thinking about the physical world＂ is to hold it assessable in the light of the laws of physics; whereas to count an activity as ＂thinking at all＂ is to hold it assessable in the light of the laws of logic. Thus, the kind of generality that distinguishes logic from the special sciences is a generality in the applicability of the norms it provides. Logical laws are more general than laws of the special sciences because they prescribe universally the way in which one ought to think, if one is to think all. Logicism is usually understood to be the thesis that all, or at least large parts of, mathematics can be reduced to logic. This thesis has two sides： （1） all mathematical concepts can be defined in terms of basic logical concepts; （2） all mathematical theorems can be deduced from basic logical truths. According to logicism all terms, including all mathematical terms, are to be given a definite meaning within the basic system. This paper aims at a comparative analysis of the contributions of Frege and Russell to the development of modem logic by reviewing in some detail their essential features and derivations. Without making any pretensions to proffering a definitive resolution of any puzzles, the discussion will, however, raise some fundamental questions, and offer a critical evaluation of the putative success or failure of the logicist programmes of Frege and Russell.

Beyond Logic of Discovery and Paradigmatic Consensus： A Reanalysis of the Popper-Kuhn Debate in the Philosophy of Science

There is no patina of doubt that the central philosophical theories of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn concerning the nature, substance and method for acquiring scientific knowledge constitute milestones in 20th century philosophy of science. Just as Popper＇s fundamental work on the subject, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, marked a decisive break with inductivist epistemologies, Kuhn＇s magnum opus, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （1962, enlarged ed. 1970）, inaugurated the coming of age of the historical turn in the philosophy of science. Some scholars seem to consider the main doctrines of both philosophers as irreconcilables or contradictories. This explains why, for example Popper and Popperians such as Imre Lakatos and John Watkins describe themselves as ＂critical rationalists＂, whereas they refer to Kuhn as an ＂irrationalist＂ or ＂relativist＂-appellations that the latter has consistently rejected. The debate between Popper and Kuhn, especially as contained in an important work, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge （1970）, highlights some of the knotty problems connected with philosophical appraisals of science. It also demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of logistic approaches in the philosophy of science, on the one hand, and of historically informed socio-psychological analysis of science, on the other. In this paper, we reexamine the Popper-Kuhn controversy from an experimentalist perspective. In other words, we argue that the ideas of testing and normal science can be systematically accommodated by fine-structure dissection of empirical research through which scientists learn about the world, based on the assumption that the progress of science is the growth of experimental knowledge-a fact often neglected in theory-dominated philosophies of science. Taking discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson as example, the paper argues that important scientific discoveries have been accomplished even in the absence of theory in any obvious sense, a situation that conflicts with the theory-dominated models of Popper and Kuhn. Thus, it offers an account of how practicing scientists learn from research to control errors and avoid blind alleys. The paper affirms, in conclusion, that going beyond the theories of Popper and Kuhn requires that philosophers of science should take what scientists learn from experiments seriously when theorising about science, by taking into account normal testing or error detection and control strategies through which scientific knowledge is acquired and extended

Discussion on incentives of Physical Education Teaching Methods

The use of literature, logical reasoning and other research methods are used in this thesis, classification and analysis of the definition of incentive methods, motivation methods are also stated in this paper, and this article also combine with students＇ psychological characteristics, different teaching content, teaching methods together, discussed how to stimulate students＇ interest in sports and mobilize students＇ enthusiasm, initiative by motivation methods in the sports teaching, thus promoting teaching effectiveness, improve teaching quality, provide some theoretical reference for improving the quality of teaching physical education. The results showed that： we have already made some researches in the stimulation methods in teaching sports, but few are studied combining with the psychological characteristics of students

On the integration and development of psychology and logic within the framework of cognitive science

Psychology that is experiential forms of cognition （lower-order cognition）, and logic that is rational forms of cognition （higher-order cognition） have long been separated although they are closely related in the original. The establishment and development of cognitive science provides a scientific basis and an academic framework for their integration. Against the background of cognitive science, logic has undergone fundamental changes, resulting in the new research framework of so-called ＂cognitive logic.＂ Within this framework, the integration of psychology and logic has given birth to the new discipline of mental logic, which holds that logical reasoning is affected by psychological factors and is an embodied and participatory empirical science. Cognitive logic has ushered in a new era for the development of modem logic and enabled it to embark on the broad path of development as a common tool for multiple disciplines. The evolution of cognitive science will bring about a new era which will see the synthesis of different disciplines, problem-driven scientific research that will in turn facilitate discipline construction, and the development of comprehensive human talent.

The Cultural Relativity of Logic： From the Viewpoint of Ethnography and Historiography

The concept of general argumentation has expanded the family of logic so that it incorporates the logic of other cultures besides modern culture. Based on reports of fieldwork among the Azande and the fruits of research on ancient Chinese logic and the logic of Buddhism, this paper attempts to provide a factual foundation for the proposition ＂the cultural relativity of logic＂ from a descriptive perspective. Adopting deductive argument as a meta-method, this paper argues for the existence of the cultural relativity of logic in modern culture and of the translated version of the logic of other cultures in modem culture. With the aid of ethnography and the historical research findings, we show that the logic of other cultures also has its own cultural relativity. We also seek to show through the concepts of language games and life forms that deductive argumentation as a meta-method likewise possesses cultural relativity.