康德美学如何耽搁了审美时机与审美时体?

审美生活作为感官愉悦感不具备回忆与反思能力,只能以感官直接感受对象,而且还只能是流畅的,回忆与反思会导致淤塞、梗阻,这就是审美时机的一次性与审美时体的流畅性。在整体上,康德笃信人类理性能力的至上、独大与专制,以此对科学、宗教、道德、审美所使用的心智能力进行大一统解释,错把审美生活视为包含回忆与反思的判断,误称为审美判断力。康德美学弥漫性地存在着理性心智与感官愉悦感心智的抵牾,矛盾不已。一方面,他以具体描述的手艺,天才地呈现了诸如流畅时体、审美时位流畅接合、感觉位置记忆等精彩审美现象;另一方面,他又不相信感官愉悦感所具有的流畅接合审美时位的能力,以回忆、反思、反省、判断等理性心智或理性时间意识,长臂管辖审美时位接合,既造成了以普遍性耽搁审美时机,也使得流畅时体沦落为卡顿时体。

康德美学何以耽搁了感官愉悦感的审美时间性

审美生活作为感官愉悦感的心智能力是只能直接感受可感的审美对象,不能做任何间接之事,这是审美生活一次性、原发性的绝对时机化。康德以科学生活、宗教生活所使用的回忆、反思、判断等理性心智,长臂管辖不受待见的感觉与感官愉悦感,审美时机化消失殆尽。这一心智能力的错配使得康德只偏爱视听感官,造成其他审美感官被截肢,审美对象流失严重,审美时间性之中的审美时宜、审美同时性、审美时体的流畅性也就被耽搁了。

Text Difficulty,Working Memory Capacity and Mind Wandering During Chinese EFL Learners’Reading

This experimental study investigated how text difficulty and different working memory capacity(WMC)affected Chinese EFL learners’reading comprehension and their tendency to engage in task-unrelated thoughts,that is,mind wandering(MW),in the course of reading.Sixty first-year university non-English majors participated in the study.A two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(text difficulty:difficult and simple)×2(WMC:high/large and low/small)was employed.Results revealed that 1)the main and interaction effects of WMC and text difficulty on voluntary MW were significant,whereas those on involuntary MW were not;2)while reading the easy texts,the involuntary MW of high-WMC individuals was less frequent than that of low-WMC ones,whereas while reading the difficult ones,the direct relationship between WMC and involuntary MW was not found;and that 3)high-WMC individuals had a lower overall rate of MW and better reading performance than low-WMC individuals did,but with increasing text difficulty,their rates of overall MW and voluntary MW were getting higher and higher,and the reading performance was getting lower and lower.These results lend support to WM theory and have pedagogical implications for the instruction of L2 reading.

奥古斯丁论神的形像

神的形像问题是基督教神学界争论不休的一个问题。问题有两种形式,一种是:堕落事件之后,人是否还有神的形像?另一种是:基督徒(耶稣基督之后)重新获得了神的形像,这个重新获得是修复,还是取替败坏了的形像呢?奥古斯丁采取了第二种立场,并且把神的形像问题归为人和神的关系之重建问题,或心意更新变化问题。这里我们主要通过分析奥古斯丁的一些相关文字,呈现他对神的形像的理解。奥古斯丁从圣礼谈起,认为神的形像不是性别问题,男女在基督里都有神的形像。神的形像归根到底是一种能够按照神的旨意进行思想、判断、选择的能力。