从生物异质性辨识经络学说生物学合理性研究的策略

国外经络研究的一些“新观点”是以往经络研究旧模式和旧内涵的再现,经络学说是对活体生命及活体生命体表调节规律的一种早期认识,结合生物异质性研究相关观点,以当前的生物学知识解析经络学说生物学合理性的研究模式,可能是不够的。经络学说的生物学合理性研究,应该采取立足于明确的针灸效应、整合《灵枢·经脉》以来的针灸知识、吸纳前沿的理念与技术的策略,从穴症关系、穴效关系、量效关系开展研究,以期形成新的针灸医学理论。

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Biological Traits and Physiological Indexes at Seedling Stage and Yield of Directly-sown Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different nitroge- napplication rates and application times on biological traits and physiological indexes of directly-sown rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） at the seedling stage and investigate the relationship between these biological traits or physiological indexes at the seedling stage and yield, so as to provide scientific theoretical support for high yield and efficient fertilization management in production of winter rapeseed. Field trials were conducted in Chengdu plain of Sichuan Province under rice-rapeseed rotation system during the period of 2011-2012. The nitrogen application rate trial consisted of five nitrogen levels （0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg/hm2） and the nitrogen application time trial included NTl（single application as base fertilized）, NT2 （bottom application ＋one time of topdressing at seedling stage） and NT3 （bottom application＋two times of topdressing at seedling stage） under the same nitrogen rate （225 kg/hm2）. The results indicated that compared with no nitrogen application （NO） treatment, the in- crease of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to the increase of biological traits including plant height, green leaf number, leaf area index and dry weight of rapeseed at the seedling stage, the improvement of physiological indexes including total nitrogen content, chlorophyll content and soluble protein content of functional leaves, and the reduction of soluble sugar content. Nitrogen rate was linearly correlated with various biological traits at the seedling stage and physiological indexes including total nitro- gen content, chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content in functional leaves over- a/I, but in parabolic correlation with soluble protein content. Under the same nitrogen rate, NT2 treatment exhibited biological traits remarkably or significantly higher than NT1 treatment and NT3 treatment. The nitrogen application times were linearly cor- related with the physiological indexes of functional leaves at the seedling stage. The various biological traits and physiological index of functional leaves at the seedlings stage were in quadratic function parabolic correlation with seed yield, and the corre- lation was significant （P〈0.05）. Therefore, under the rice-rapeseed rotation system in Chengdu plain, the economic rational nitrogen rate is 180-225 kg/hm2, and the mode of bottom application ＋ one time of topdressing （NT2） is suitable.

缺陷型与非缺陷型精神分裂症的脑电图分析

目的 研究缺陷型、非缺陷型精神分裂症患者在脑电图(EEG)方面的差异。方法 采用国产ND-82B型八道EEG机对69例精神分裂症患者进行标准EEG描记,并对结果进行分析。结果 缺陷型精神分裂症的EEG异常率明显高于非缺陷型精神分裂症,二者有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 提示缺陷型与非缺陷型患者相比,有更明显的病理性生物学基础。

Impacts of global warming on marine zooplankton

Global warming has been being a serious issue since 1980, and it impacts environment and biosphere. Here, we reviewed the physiological and ecological responses of marine zooplankton which is an important component of biosphere to the global warming. Much research on physiological changes in response to different temperature is given to discuss this issue. Furthermore, we focused on ecological changes of zooplankton to global warming and several indices such as abundance, biomass, biodiversity and biogeographic boundary are enumerated. Phenological changes of zooplankton were presented, followed by the prospects of this subject, viz. observing more functional groups, more concerning on zooplankton in tropical region and investigation on a species-level zooplankton system.

Fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma:from barcodes to biodiversity

Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immuno- compromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in (1) the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; (2) mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and (3) the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.

The Drosophila ovary: an active stem cell community

Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism＇s lifetime. The Drosophila ovary harbors three different types of stem cell populations （germline stem cell （GSC）, somatic stem cell （SSC） and escort stem cell （ESC）） located in a simple anatomical structure known as germarium, rendering it one of the best model systems for studying stem cell biology due to reliable stem cell identification and available sophisticated genetic tools for manipulating gene functions. Particularly, the niche for the GSC is among the first and best studied ones, and studies on the GSC and its niche have made many unique contributions to a better understanding of relationships between stem cells and their niche. So far, both the GSC and the SSC have been shown to be regulated by extrinsic factors originating from their niche and intrinsic factors functioning within. Multiple signaling pathways are required for controlling GSC and SSC self-renewal and differentiation, which provide unique opportunities to investigate how multiple signals from the niche are interpreted in the stem cell. Since the Drosophila ovary contains three types of stem cells, it also provides outstanding opportunities to study how multiple stem cells in a given tissue work collaboratively to contribute to tissue function and maintenance. This review highlights recent major advances in studying Drosophila ovarian stem cells and also discusses future directions and challenges.

Rheological and Structural Properties of Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicus During Heat Treatment

Changes in tissue structure, rheological properties and water content of raw and heated sea cucumber meat were studied. Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus was heated at 25℃, 70℃ and 100℃ water for 5 min. The structural changes were observed using a light microscope and the rheological parameters （rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation） determined using a texture meter. Microscopic photograph revealed that the structural change of heated meat was greater than that of raw meat. The rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation of raw meat were smaller than those of the heated meat. Meanwhile, rheological parameters showed positive correlation with heating temperature. These changes are mainly caused by thermal denaturation and gelatinization of collagen during heating. These changes were also evidenced in observations using a light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry.

VARIATION IN MEMBRANE PROPERTIES FROM THE ACTION OF LAMININ ON MEMBRANE RECEPTORS

Biophysical studies were conducted on the action of laminin through membrane receptors of cancer cells. The results showed that variations occurred in the thermodynamic properties of membrane proteins,the mobility of hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids, and the permeability and transportation pathways of the membrane.

Wastewater Treatment in the Oasis of Figuig （Morocco） by Facultative Lagoon System： Physico-Chemical and Biological Aspect

The community of Figuig is located in a desert area, east of Morocco. It is characterized by an arid climate. Part of the aquifers of the area has a high salinity which creates even worst conditions for the use of the scarce water available in the area. Therefore, it is essential to develop new water resources, especially for agriculture. For this reason, reclaiming wastewater for agricultural use is an essential strategy to increase water resources. The studied system is a wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） with stabilisation ponds; it treats a part of the wastewater of Figuig. The monitoring of the WWTP will allow to the physico-chemical and biological characterization of the treated water, and then, to verify two principal points： （1） the physico-chemical and pathogen parasites elimination; （2） the possibility of the treated water reuse in agricultural irrigation. The reductions recorded at the WWTP show a relatively preferment operation with an average decrease of 3.17 Ulog for faecal coliforms and 50-60% for organic matter. It was observed that the taxonomic density is slow in the WWTP; observed species are generally Cyanobacteria, Euglénophycea and Chlorophycea characteristic of eutrophic water sources.

Physiological and pathological role of local and immigrating colonic stem cells

The latest avenue of research is revealing the existence of and role for the colonic stem cells in the physiological renewal of the mucosa and in pathological circumstanc- es where they have both positive and negative effects. In the case of human colon, different levels of stem cell compartments exist. First, the crypt epithelial stem cells, which have a role in the normal crypt epithelial cell dynamics and in colorectal carcinogenesis. Close to the crypts, the second layer of stern cells can be found; the local subepithelial stem cell niche, including the pericryptic subepithelial myofibroblasts that regulate the epithelial cell differentiation and have a crucial role in cancer progression and chronic inflammation-related fibrosis. The third level of stem cell compartment is the immigrating bone-marrow-derived stem cells, which have an important role in wound healing after severe mucosal inflammation, but are also involved in cancer invasion. This paper focuses on stem cell biology in the context of physiological and pathological processes in the human colon.

Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum as a biomonitor to metal pollution

The Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum is a good biomonitor/bioindicator to marine metal pollution and is frequently used in aquatic toxicology. Two dominant pedigrees (white and zebra) of clam are distributed in the Bohai Sea; however, little attention has been paid to potential biological differences between these two pedigrees. In this study, we tested the sensitivity of both pedigrees to marine metal (cadmium and zinc) pollution biomonitoring and marine environmental toxicology. Results demonstrate significant biological differences in gills of white and zebra clams based on metabolic profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, we found that hypotaurine, malonate and homarine were relatively high in white clam gills, while alanine, arginine, glutamate, succinate, 4-aminobutyrate, taurine and betaine were high in zebra clam gills. Zebra clam gills were also more sensitive to a mixture of Cd and Zn, as shown by antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolic profiles, but white clam gills could accumulate more Zn. Therefore, we suggest that the white pedigree can be used as a biomonitor to marine Zn pollution, whereas the zebra pedigree can be used for toxicology studies on Cd and Zn mixed pollution.

Influence of Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Salt Tolerance of Artichoke Hybrid Seedlings

The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the alleviation of salinity stress induced by sodium chloride （NaCI） was investigated. Three artichoke hybrids, Madrigal F1, Opal FI, and Concerto FI （Nunhems company）, were grown in pot in controlled environment with two different mycorrhizal treatments （with or without Glomus viscosum）. Two months after inoculation, the fungus established well on roots of the Madrigal and Opal plants with higher colonization and dependency values, instead the Concerto plants showed lower mycorrhizal dependency and colonization rate. Mycorrhizal symbiosis generally improved plant vegetative growth and sustained plant physiology increasing stomatal conductance and SPAD values. The root systems of two months old artichoke plantlets, both inoculated and non inoculated, were placed in distilled water enriched with different salt concentrations （0, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM NaCI） to study the wilting response. A visual rating system was developed defining various wilting indexes （TO, no wilting; T1, foliar damage on less than 50% of vegetal tissues of basal leaves; T2, initial wilting and foliar damage on more than 50% of vegetal tissues of basal leaves; T3, foliar damage on the apical leaves; and T4, total wilting）. Mycorrhizal plants reached later the wilting indexes than non-mycorrhizal plants. Electrolyte leakage by leaves after salinity imposition was higher in non-mycorrhizal plants and the vegetal tissues were severely damaged especially in the basal leaves. The greater tolerance observed in the mycorrhizal plants could be in agreement with the improvement in growth stimulated by mycorrhizal symbiosis, which leads to the dilution of toxic ions.

Stabilization of the Soliton Transported Bio-energy in Protein Molecules in the Improved Model

We study the stabilization of the soliton transported bio-energy by the dynamic equations in the improved Davydov theory from four aspects containing the feature of free motion and states of the soliton at the long-time motion and at biological temperature 300 K and behaviors of collision of the solitons by Runge–Kutta method and physical parameter values appropriate to the α-helix protein molecules. We prove that the new solitons can move without dispersion at a constant speed retaining its shape and energy in free and long-time motions and can go through each other without scattering. If considering further influence of the temperature effect of heat bath on the soliton, it is still thermally stable at biological temperature 300 K and in a time as long as 300 ps and amino acid spacings as large as 400, which shows that the lifetime of the new soliton is at least 300 ps, which is consistent with analytic result obtained by quantum perturbation theory. These results exhibit that the new soliton is a possible carrier of bio-energy transport and the improved model is possibly a candidate for the mechanism of this transport.

Physical properties of solid fuel briquettes from bituminous coal waste and biomass

Biomass and bituminous coal fines from four different coalfields were used to produce fuel briquettes. Two physical properties of briquettes, water resistance index and compressive strength were analyzed. The influence of type and quantity of biomass on physical properties was also studied. The results reveal that depending on the mineral content of the coal, the physical properties of the briquettes differ noticeably. The comparison of briquettes with and without biomass showed that the presence of the beet pulp increased CS in all types of coal samples. Samples containing beet pulp had better physical properties than sawdust. Mezino II coal briquettes had highest CS and WRI than the other ones. Calorific value of biomass/Mezino lI coal briquettes was lessened in comparison with raw coal, but it remained in an acceptable range.

Developmental Programming of Ethical Consciousness： Impact on B ioscience Ethics Education and Learning

Personal ethics are strongly influenced by emotions, particularly secondary emotions, because these emotions expand ethical reasoning and development as the child matures. A well-developed consciousness profoundly influences a person＇s actions and conduct when solving problems of what is thought, or taught to be, right or wrong Compelling neurological evidence supports the claim that children begin to develop enduring ethical standards at an early age and that these standards are largely based on the experiences of early childhood. Essentially, the innate sense of ethics requires nurturing during infancy before it can be cognitively understood and practiced in maturity. In biological terms, the development of neural networks that regulate emotional growth, and subsequently, the capacity for ethical discrimination, depends on the infant＇s early social environment. Thus, the toddler＇s early epigenetic experiences enhance, or impede, its innate still dormant genetic potential. Importantly, personal character development and ethical discrimination begins long before the child＇s formal educational years. As a consequence, early learning has to discover ways of conserving adaptive thinking which can be applied to the choices that may confront future generations. Early ethics education, including accurate access to scientific, medical, and technological knowledge, is thus critical. Future generations will increasingly require education from a global perspective when making major ethical decisions in areas, such as nuclear technology, disposal of wastes, preservation of biodiversity, global warming, and unregulated human population growth. As long as our culture continues to reflect advances in science and technology, there is an obligation to make science education overlap with crucial periods in the advancement of ethical consciousness. Significantly, when considering the human capacity for excess at times of conflict, it is incumbent on the scientific community to integrate research-based knowledge with wide-ranging learning and problem-solving skills. Bioscience ethics, the established interface bridging applied science and applied bioethics, can assist in this process of integration. To become fully responsible adults, we must share our extraordinary cognitive talents and respect life on earth in all its rich diversity. In biological terms, human uniqueness resides primarily in our brains with its products being co-operation in family and ancestral units, long education, sophisticated language and culture, and importantly, ethical consciousness-all attributes held in trust by knowledge and wisdom for future generations.

Characterization of Some Typical Soils of the Miombo Woodland Ecosystem of Kitonga Forest Reserve, Iringa, Tanzania： Physico-Chemical Properties and Classification

Despite the fact that miombo woodland soils have significant implications in global climate change processes, few studies have been done to characterize and classify the soils of the miombo woodland ecosystem of Tanzania. The current study was carried out to map and classify soils of Kitonga Forest Reserve, which is a typical miombo woodland ecosystem, in order to generate relevant information for their use and management. A representative study area of 52 km2 was selected and mapped at a scale of 1：50,000 on the basis of relief. Ten representative soil profiles were excavated and described using standard methods. Soil samples were taken from genetic soil horizons and analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical characteristics using standard methods. Using field and laboratory analytical data, the soils were classified according to the FAO-World Reference Base （FAO-WRB） for Soil Resources system as Cambisols, Leptosols and Fluvisols. In the USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy system the soils were classified as Inceptisols and Entisols. Topographical features played an important role in soil formation. The different soil types differed in physico-chemical properties, hence exhibit differences in their potentials, constraints and need specific management strategies. Texture varied from sandy to different loams; pH from 5.1 to 5.9; organic carbon from 0.9 g/kg to 20 g/kg; and CEC from 3 cmol/（＋）kg to 24 cmol/（＋）kg. Sustainable management of miombo woodlands ecosystem soils requires reduced deforestation and reduced land degradation.

A New Type Machine of Mixing-molding for Polyblends

This paper introduces a new type machine for polyblends with excellent mixing capabilities of internal mixer and continuous molding character of extruder.The machine includes two functions - mixing and extrusion molding that have been composed together by rational design,so a tandem production mode - "batch + continuous" are opened up.The mathematical model of continuous mixing molding was established and verified availably by experimental research.The main physical mechanical property of vulcanizate,which had met national waterproof material standard,verified the machine practicability.The essential difference from other similar type machines is that this machine is not only suitable in producing granular and powder rubbers but also lumpish rubbers.

Impact of external factors on sperm motility of Sepiella maindroni

Sperm motility is important in reproductive biology. To understand the physiological ecology characteristics of sperm of Sepiella maindroni, we studied the activation rate, active time, and lifespan of sperm to evaluate the influence of external factors, including temperature, salinity, pH, glucose, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, EDTA-2Na and artificial seawater on sperm motility. The results show that the appropriate activation and motility condition for sperm were： temperature 20-30℃ （optimum 25℃）, salinity 10.6-30.6 （optimum 15.9） and pH 8.0-8.6 （optimum 8.0-8.4）. Sperm activity varied in different concentrations of glucose, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl〉 None of the selected concentrations of EDTA-2Na solution could activate the sperm. The activation rate in artificial seawater devoid of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ or HCO3- was low. The results should help further studies on the preservation and activation of squid sperm.

Biophysical Substantiation of a Surgical Method of Treatment of a Primary Arterial Hypertension

It is shown that flow of a blood in a passive elastic tube essentially unstable process accompanying with a flutter of a stream. Biophysical principles of neuroreflex regulation of an arterial bloodstream in cardiovascular system are considered. It is shown that this regulation has dual-purpose character： reduction of the hydraulic resistance and maintenance stable no flutter stream of blood. The reasons of a primary arterial hypertension occurrence, and also some accompanying it physical and physiological phenomena are considered. The surgical method of treatment of the primary arterial hypertension, connected with denervation of renal arteries is substantiated.

The Time-Effect Relationship of Central Action in Acupuncture Treatment for Weight Reduction

Purpose: To study the time-effect relationship of action of acupuncture on the satiety center of ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH) in rats with experimental obesity. Methods: Microelectrode recording method of nerve cells and stereotaxic technique for brain were adopted with discharge frequency (Hz/s) of nerve impulse in VMH as the index, and the time-effect of acupuncture action in different periods between groups were observed. Results: Electric activity in acupuncture group was higher than that in the obesity model group (P<0.001) and the normal group (P<0.01) respectively, and the curve of acupuncture action within 2 hours showed irregular fluctuation. Conclusion: Acupuncture can increase excitability of the satiety center, with a better long-term effect.