韦伯理论的局限及其在中国的误用

韦伯“一般过渡理论”和“三个理想权威模型”的概念范畴,不具备对中国社会和政治权威作合理解释的效力。其“理性”是狭义的,其“法制统治理想类型”的模式化缺乏严格定义。中国政治不是西方那个攫取权力的角逐概念,是料理社会、人世事物。一个治理者的政治,取决于个人是什么样的人和实行什么样的政策。中国的法,多是处理政事的具体办法或指导性规则的概念。实在经验中不存在这样的“理想类型”能表述的事情;关键不是理性不理性,也不是“魅力”还是“理性法制”,问题在社会占统治地位的人,把攫取利润作为人生的最终目的;是这个目的将现代资本主义社会与其他社会区别开来。

Difficulty with diagnosis of malignant pancreatic neoplasms coexisting with chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis is a relatively common disease. We encountered two different cases of belatedly demonstrated pancreatic carcinoma featuring underlying chronic pancreatitis. The first case was one that was highly suspected as that of a malignancy based upon imaging study, but unfortunately, it could not be confirmed by intra-operative cytology at that time. Following this, the surgeon elected to perform only conservative bypass surgery for obstructive biliary complication. Peritoneal carcinomatosis was later noted and the patient finally died. The second case, a malignant mucinous neoplasm,was falsely diagnosed as a pseudocyst, based upon the lesion's sonographic appearance and associated elevated serum amylase levels. After suffering repeated hemoptysis,the patient was found to exhibit lung metastasis and peritoneal seeding. We reviewed some of the literature,including those studies discussing chronic pancreatitis predisposing to a malignant change. These two case analyses illustrate clearly that the diagnosis for such conditions, which is simply based upon imagery or pathological considerations may end up being one of a mistaken malignancy. Some of our suggestions for the treatment of such malignancies as revealed herein include,total pancreatomy for univocal mass lesion, and needle aspiration of lesion-contained tissue for amylase, CA199and CEA levels for a suspicious cystic pancreatic mass.

Application of endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute pancreatitis with fluid collection:A prospective study

AIM: To elucidate the role of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Ninety patients with acute pancreatitis were randomly divided into two groups: EST group and control group. All the patients underwent pancreatitis routine therapy, additionally the EST group was treated with EST and endoscopic naso-bile drainage (ENBD).The time of disappearance of abdominal symptoms and signs,normalization of amylase, hospitalization and absorption of acute fluid was recorded for all patients.RESULTS: The time of disappearance of abdominal pain,normalization of blood and urine amylase and hospitalization was significantly shorter in EST group than in control group. The ratios of disappearance of fluid in mild acute pancreatitis patients was significantly higher in EST group (51.52%, 84.85%, 90.91%,93.94%) than in the control group (0%, 30.30%, 69.70%, 72.73%, P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).When the ratios of reduction of fluid in severe acute pancreatitis patients of the EST group were compared (8.33%, 58.33%, 83.33%, 91.67%) with those in the control group (0%, 8.33%, 25% and 41.67%), there were significant differences. CONCLUSION: The effect of EST+ENBD on acute pancreatitis with fluid is rather good.

Effect of Freezing Rate and Freezing Method on Physical Properties of Fish Balls Made with Various Flour Contents

The objective was to investigate the major effect of freezing rate and freezing methods on physical properties of fish balls made with various flour contents. The fish balls were observed to be almost in temperature at -28℃ for air-blast freezer, at -100 ℃ in the liquid nitrogen and the standard house freezing were done at -18℃. The air-blast had the freezing rate of 11.82-20.84 cm h1 while those frozen by liquid nitrogen had the freezing rate of 13.36-22.38 cm/h and standard house freezer held lower freezing rate （7. ! 5-8.02 cm hl）. Texture profile analysis results showed that ubi badak＇s flour gel was harder, sticky, gummy and chewy than that of wheat and banana＇s flour gels. The proximate analysis revealed that wheat flour had higher protein and moisture content compared to banana and ubi badak flours.

Effect of Preparation Method on the Physicochemical Properties of MoVNbTe Catalyst for Propane Ammoxidation to Acrylonitrile

MoVNbTe catalyst has been found to be the most active and selective catalyst in the ammoxidation of propane to ACN, the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. However, in our previous work, when 0.5 mL of MoVNbTe catalyst prepared using slurry method was tested in the propane ammoxidation to ACN, it only shows 1% conversion of propane with about 55% selectivity to CAN, thus giving only 0.6% yields to ACN. The poor catalyst activity is attributed to insufficient formation of crystalline phases essential for the propane activation process. In an attempt to improve the physicochemical properties of this catalyst, several preparation methods have been used, namely hydrothermal, reflux, changing the solvent and changing the calcinations temperature. The modified catalysts have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction （XRD） and N2 physisorption （BET）. The MoVNbTe catalyst prepared by hydrothermal method shows a remarkable improvement in the formation of crystalline phases.

Anti-unwinding attitude maneuver control of spacecraft considering bounded disturbance and input saturation

The attitude maneuver control of spacecraft under bounded disturbance and input saturation is investigated in this paper.Using the Lyapunov stability theory,an anti-saturation sliding mode control algorithm is given by designing a time-varying sliding mode to solve the input saturated attitude control problem without disturbance.Then combining the merit in anti-saturation of time-varying sliding mode controller with the merit in anti-disturbance of time-invariant sliding mode controller,a switching strategy between the two controllers is designed to solve the attitude maneuver control problem under input saturation and bounded disturbance.However,double value of quaternions makes the attitude slewing unwinding.To solve the problem,an attitude error vector is designed.Based on the error vector,a modified sliding mode control algorithm is proposed which simultaneously has the ability of anti-saturation,anti-disturbance and anti-unwinding.Simulation results show that the algorithm in this paper is feasible and effective.

The Legal Regulation of Irrational Elements in the Operations of Boards of Directors

The operating processes of boards of directors are delicate and complex, so corporate legislation cannot simply equate board structure law with board governance law. It is therefore necessary to start from China＇s actual conditions and grasp the operating processes of Chinese boards with a sober appreciation of the irrational elements in their operating mechanisms. Board governance has entered a new stage of institutionalization, and the law should shift from its emphasis on structure to give equal attention to structure and process in optimizing institutional structure. In the construction of board operating mechanisms, we should treat differently such ＂living laws＂ as customs, experiences and traditions, give full play to the functionality of boards＇ strategic choices, and provide legal regulation of irrational elements, so as to distinguish between different roles, develop consensus, select strong points and improve efficiency. We should build control over board operational procedures, improve the system of functional allocation, correct assessment mechanisms, develop a mechanism for judicial scrutiny of the affective relationships in society and curb such behavioral tendencies as relational identity, structural bias and group polarization, with a view to controlling such ＂living laws＂ within the framework of the basic values and principles of board governance.

Effects of mild hypothermia on patients with lower intracranial pressure following severe brain injury

Objective: To study the effects of mild hypothermia therapy on severe brain-injured patients whose intracranial pressure (ICP) could be maintained below 25 mm Hg.Methods: Forty severe brain-injured patients with ICP below 25 mm Hg were divided randomly into one treatment group (n=20, mild hypothermia therapy) and one control group (n=20, normothermia therapy) to observe the changes of the concentration of excitatory amino acids (glutamate and glycine) and cytokines (interleukin-1β and interleukin-6). Results: There were no significant differences in the daily changes of the concentration of excitatory amino acid and cytokines between two groups. The outcome of two groups had no significant differences. Conclusions: Mild hypothermia has no additional beneficial effects on severe brain-injured patients compared with normothermia therapy if ICP can be maintained below 25 mm Hg by using conventional therapy.

Process optimization for the enhanced stability of diclofenac potassium granules and capsules

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different process parameters on the physical properties, in vitro dissolution rate, and short and long-term stability of diclofenac potassium（DFP） granules and capsules. DFP granules exhibited low total amounts of impurities when prepared through the wet granulation method using a granulating solvent with a low water/ethanol ratio. The impurities of the wet DFP mass dried at 70 ℃ were higher than those dried at 50 ℃ or 60 ℃. DFP granules were stable under strong light exposure during preparation. DFP granules prepared using a granulating solvent with a 1：4 water/ethanol ratio had a relatively smaller particle size and higher angle of repose than those prepared using granulating solvents with other water/ethanol ratios. The dissolution rate of DFP capsules prepared using four different water/ethanol ratios was less than 2% after 10 min of dissolution and increased to 95% within 30 min of dissolution. The total amount of drug impurities of DFP capsules prepared using a granulating solvent with 1：4 water/ethanol ratio was considerably lower than those of DFP capsules prepared using a granulating solvent with a 1：0 water/ethanol solvent ratio. Regardless of the water/ethanol ratio, the capsules showed poor stability when exposed to high temperature（60 ℃） and strong light（4500±500 Lux） for 10 days, but were relatively stable at high humidity（92.5% RH）. The results of the long-term stability（25±2 ℃ and 60%±10% relative humidity） study showed that DFP granules were more stable than DFP capsules, and were stable for 12 months. The type of encapsulating material did not affect the 2-month stability of DFP. DFP granules are sensitive to granulating solvent and drying temperature and DFP capsules should be stored away from high temperature and strong light.